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Transcript of Consti 1 Sylabus
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 11st Semester 2014-2015
Atty. Amando Virgil D. Ligutan
I. Preliminary Readings
Pacifico A. Agabin, The Politics of Judicial Review over Executive Action: The Supreme Court and Social Change in Unconstitutional Essays, pp. 167-198 (1996)
Irene C. Cortez, Constitutionalism in the Philippines- A View from the Academia, pp. 338-348, Vol. 59, 4th Quarter (1984)
Walter Murphy, Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy in Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World, pp. 1-20 (1993)
II. THE CONSTITUTION- Adoption, Interpretation, Amendment & Revision
Provisional Constitution
Proclamation No. 1, 25 February 1986 (Provisional Government) Proclamation No. 3, 25 March 1986 (Provisional Constitution)
1987 Philippine Constitution
1. Adoption and Effectivity
De Leon v. Esguerra, G.R. No. 78059, 31 August 1987
2. Interpretation
Nitafan v. CIR, 152 SCRA 284 (1987)Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, 22 February 1991Filoteo v. Sandiganbayan, 263 SCRA 222 (1996)
3. Amendment and Revision
a. In General (Art. XVII)b. Proposals
i. By Congress as Constituent Assembly
Gonzales v. COMELEC, G.R. L-28196, 9 November 1967
ii. By Constitutional Convention
Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 (1970), G.R. L-32476, 20 October 1970Imbong v. COMELEC, G.R. L-32432, 11 September1970
iii. By People’s Initiative
Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. 127325, 19 March 1997Lambino v. COMELEC, 505 SCRA 160 (2006)
Note: Emergency Power of the President Sanidad v. COMELEC, G.R. L-44640, 12 October 1976
c. Submission of Proposed Amendments
Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)
d. Ratification
Plebiscite v. Referendum
III. THE CONSTITUTION AND JUDICIAL REVIEW
1. Judicial Review Overview
Art. VIII, 1987 Phil. Const.Sec. 1, 2, 4 (2), 5 (2) (a)
See Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) Angara v. Electoral Commission, G.R. No. L-45081, 15 July 1936 2. Requisites
SC Petitions challenging the constitutionality of RA 9372 (October 5, 2010) G.R. Nos. 178552, 178554, 178581, 178890,179157, 179461
a. Case or Controversy
Garcia v. Board of Investments, G.R. 92024, 9 November 1990 Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. 101083, 30 July 2003 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. 122156, 3 February 1997Kilosbayan v. Morato, G.R. 118910, 17 July 1995Tańada v. Angara, G.R. 118295, 2 May 1997Santiago v. Bautista, G.R. L-25024, 30 March 1970People v. Ferrer, G.R. L-32613-14, 27 December 1972 Director v. Ang Chio Kho, G.R. L-30001, 23 June 1970J.M. Tuason v. LTA, G.R. L-21064, 18 February 1970
Ripeness
Tan v. Macapagal, G.R. L-34161, 29 February 1972Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497 (1961)U.S. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974)
Mootness
DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974)Land Bank of the Phils. v. Suntay, G.R. 188376, 14 December 2011
b. Legal Standing
Muskrat v. U.S., 219 U.S. 346 (1911)PACU v. Secretary of Education, G.R. L-5279, 31October 1955 Gonzales v. Hechanova, G.R. L-21897, 22 October 1963Gonzales v. Marcos, G.R. L-31685, 31 July 1975People v. Vera, G.R. L-45685, 16 November 1937Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968)Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727 (1972)U.S. v. SCRAP, 412 U.S. 669 (1973)Kilosbayan v. Guingona, G.R. 113375, 5 May 1994Kilosbayan v. Morato, G.R. No. 118910, 6 November 1995Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452 (1974)
Requisites for Taxpayers, Lawmakers, Voters & Concerned Citizens Suits
Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. 160261, 10 November 2003Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. 159085, 3 February 2004
Page 2 of 23
Tan v. Macapagal, G.R. L-32979-81, 29 February 1972Demetria v. Alba, G.R. 71977, 27 February 1987Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. 140835, 14 August 2000David v. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, G.R. 171396, 3 May 2006Paguia v. Office of the President, G.R. 176278, 25 June 2010
c. Raised at Earliest Opportunity
People v. Vera, G.R. 45685, 16 November 1937
d. Lis Mota of the Case
Luis General v. Urro, G.R. No. 191560, 29 March 2011
IV. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
Preamble of the 1987 Constitution
1. Principles
a. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism
Art. II, Sec. 1- 1987 Constitution
Perez v. Suller, G.R. No. L-46710, 18 November 1939Villavicencio v. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778
b. Adherence to International Law
Art. II, Sec. 2- 1987 Constitution
Kuroda v. Jalandoni, 83 Phil. 171, 178 (1949)Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, 18 January 2000Pharmaceutical Association v. Duque, G.R. No. 173034, 9 October 2007
c. Supremacy of Civilian Authority
Art. II, Sec. 3- 1987 Constitution See Art. VII, Sec. 18- 1987 Constitution
See Alih v. Castro, 151 SCRA 279
d. Government as protector of the People; People as defender of the State
Art. II, Sec. 4- 1987 Constitution
See Lagman v. Zosa, 66 Phil. 13
e. Separation of Church and the State
Art. II, Sec. 6- 1987 ConstitutionArt. III, Sec. 5 (Freedom of Religion clause)Art. IX-C, Sec. 2 (5) (religion sect not allowed as registered political party)Art. VI, Sec. 5 (2) (no sectoral representative from religious sector)Art. VI, Sec. 29 (2) (prohibition against appropriation for sectarian benefit)
i. Establishment Clause
Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201 (1937) Garces v. Estenzo, 104 SCRA 510 (1981)
See Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)
Page 3 of 23
ii. Free Exercise Clause
American Bible Society v. City of Manila, 101 Phil. 386 Gerona v. Secretary of Education, G.R. No. L-13954, 12 August 1959Ebranilag v. Division Superintendent, G.R. No. 95770, 1 March 1993
Exceptions:
Art. VI, Sec. 28 (3), 29 (2)Art. XIV, Sec. 3 (3), 4 (2)
2. State Policies
Art. II- 1987 Constitution
a. Independent Foreign Policy and Nuclear-Free Philippines (Sec. 7, 8)b. Just and Dynamic Social Order (Sec. 9)
i. Promotion of Social Justice (Sec. 10) See Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil 726
ii. Respect for Human Dignity and Human Rights (Sec. 11)iii. Sanctity of Family and Promotion of Youth (Sec. 12, 13)iv. Equality of Men and Women (Sec. 14)v. Promotion of Health and Ecology (Sec. 15, 16)
See Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792vi. Priority to Education, Science and Technology (Sec. 17)vii. Protection of Labor (Sec. 18)viii. Self-reliant and Independent Economic Order (Sec. 19, 20)
See Tańada v. Angara, supra.ix. Land Reform (Sec. 21)x. Indigenous Cultural Minorities (Sec. 22)xi. Independent People’s Organizations (Sec. 23)xii. Communication and Information (Sec. 24)xiii. Autonomy of Local Governments (Sec. 25)xiv.Equal Access of Opportunities for Public Service (Sec. 26)xv. Honest Public Service and Full Disclosure (Sec. 27, 28)
V. STATE: SOVEREIGNTY, TERRITORY, PEOPLE & GOVERNMENT
State in General
Collector of Internal Revenue v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23
1. Sovereignty
People v. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77
i. Dominium v. Imperium
A. Sovereign Immunity- Doctrine of Non-Suability of State
Art. XVI, Sec. 3- 1987 Constitution
Kawawanakoa v. Polybank, 205 U.S. 349 (1907)Republic v. Villasor, 54 SCRA 83
i. Suit against the State
Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 242 (1987)Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88
Page 4 of 23
Lansang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 102667, 23 February 2000 Tan v. Director of Forestry, 125 SCRA 302
Veterans Manpower v. Court of Appeals, 214 SCRA 286PNB v. Commission on Internal Revenue, 81 SCRA 314Farolan v. Court of Tax Appeals, 217 SCRA 298
ii. Need for Consent- Express or Implied
Republic v. Feliciano, supra.Lansang v. Court of Appeals, supra.Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping, G.R. No. L-6060, 30 Sept. 1950U.S. v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487U.S. v. Guinto, 182 SCRA 644Republic v. Villasor, supra
iii. Suability v. Liability of State
Merrit v. Government, 34 Phil 311 (1916)Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486Commissioner of Public Highway v. San Diego, 31 SCRA 616 (1970)
2. Territory
Art. I-1987 Constitution
See Exec. Ord. No. 292 (1987), Book 1, Sec. 3Republic Act No. 9522 (2009)
Magallona v. Ermita, et al, G.R. No. 187167, 16 July 2011The Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel, G.R. No. 183591, 14 October 2008
3. People
Art. IV, Sec. 1-5- 1987 ConstitutionSee Exec. Ord. No. 292 (1987), Book 1, Sec. 5-9
a. Citizens of the Philippines
Tecson v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 161434, 3 March 2004Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, 7 May 2001Valles v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 137000, 9 August 2000Co v. HRET, G.R. No. 92191-92, 30 July 1991Balgamelo Cabiling, et al v. Commissioner, G.R. No. 183133, 26 July 2010
b. Loss and Reacquisition of Citizenship
Aznar v. COMELEC, 185 SCRA 703 (1990)Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, 26 May 1999Willie Yu v. Santiago, G.R. No. 83882, 24 January 1989Labo, Jr. v. COMELEC, 176 SCRA 1 (1989)Frivaldo v. COMELEC, 174 SCRA 245 (1989)Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, 14 September 1999Altarejos v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 163256, 10 November 2004
c. Dual Citizenship; Dual Allegiance
Republic Act No. 9225 (2003)
Mercado v. Manzano, supra.AASJS Member Calilung v. Datumanong, G.R. No. 160869, 11 May 2007
4. Government (see next chapters)
Page 5 of 23
VI. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
1. Definition
2. By the People
a. Initiativeb. Referendum
3. By Congress
a. Composition, Qualification & Term of Office
Sec. 1, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
1. Senate
Secs. 1-4, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
2. House of Representatives
Secs. 5-8, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
i. District Representatives
Macias v. COMELEC, No. L-18684, 14 September 1961Mariano v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 118577, 7 March 1995Montejo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 118702, 16 March 1995Marcos v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 300Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400Torayno v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 137329, 9 August 2000
ii. Party-List Representatives
Republic Act 7941
Veterans Fed. Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781, 6 Oct. 2000Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, 26 June 2001Atong Paglaum v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, 2 April 2013Partido ng Manggagawa v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 164702, 15 March 2006BANAT v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, 21 April 2009; Resolution 8 July 2009Ang Ladlad-LGBT v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190582, 8 April 2010Phil. Guardians Brotherhood v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190529, 29 April 2010
iii. Sectoral Representatives
b. Election
Secs. 8-9, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Tolentino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 148334, 21 January 2004Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. 157013, 10 July 2003
c. Organization & Sessions
i. Election of Officers
Sec. 16 (1), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Page 6 of 23
ii. QuorumSec. 16 (2), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17Santiago v. Guingona, 298 SCRA 756
iii. Rules of Proceedings
Secs. 16 (3), 21, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Arroyo v. de Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 14 August 1997Pimentel v. Senate Committee, G.R. No. 187714, 8 March 2011
iv. Discipline of Members
Sec. 16 (3), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055, 19 April 2001Pimentel v. Senate Committee, supra.
v. Journal and Congressional Records
Sec. 16 (4), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
a. Enrolled Bill Theory
Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1Phil. Judges Assoc. v. Prado, 27 SCRA 703
b. Probative Value of the Journal
U.S. v. Pons, 34 Phil. 729
c. Matters to be entered in the Journal
d. Journal Entry v. Enrolled Bill Theory
Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131Arroyo v. de Venecia, supra.
vi. Congressional Record
Sec. 16 (4), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
vii. Sessions
a. Regular Sessions
Secs. 15, 16 (5), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
b. Special Sessions
Sec. 15, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSecs. 10-11, Art. VII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
c. Joint Sessions
1. voting separately
Page 7 of 23
Secs. 4, 11 (4), 9, Art. VII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 23 (1), Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 1 (1), Art. XVII, 1987 Constitution
2. voting jointly
Sec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
d. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualifications
i. Salaries
Sec. 10, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 17, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution Philconsa v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300
ii. Privileges
1. Freedom from Arrest
Sec. 11, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
People v. Jalosjos, G.R. No. 132875, 3 Feb. 2000
2. Privilege of Speech & Debate
Sec. 11, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876Pobre v. Santiago, AC No. 7399, 25 August 2009
iii. Disqualifications
Secs. 13, 14, 12, 20, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Adaza v. Pacana, 135 SCRA 431Puyat v. de Guzman, 113 SCRA 31Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, 15 July 2009 & 18 Janaury 2011Villegas v. Legaspi, G.R. No. 53869, 25 March 1982
e. Electoral Tribunals
Secs. 17 & 19, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Vera v. Avelino, 34 Phil 725Tanada v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-10520, 28 Feb. 1957Pimentel v. HRET, 141489, 29 Nov. 2002Codilla v. de Venecia, G.R. No. 150605, 10 Dec. 2002Barbers v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 165691, 22 June 2005Vilando v. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 178831-32, 1 April 2009Vilando v. HRET, G.R. Nos. 192147 & 192149, 23 August 2011
f. Commission on Appointments
Secs. 18 & 19, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496Coseteng v. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377Guingona v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789Drilon v. de Venecia, G.R. No. 180055, 31 July 2009
Page 8 of 23
g. Legislative Powers
i. General Plenary Powers
Sec. 1, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Sema v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 1775597, 16 July 2008
ii. Limitations on Legislative Power
1. Substantive Limitations
a. Express
Art III, 1987 ConstitutionSecs. 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Sec. 4 (3), Art. XIV, 1987 Constitution
Abakada Guro Party List v. Purisima, G.R. No. 166715, 14 August 2008
b. Implied
- Non-Delegation of Legislative Powers
Exceptions:
1) Delegation to the President (Secs. 23 (2) & 28 (2) Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
2) Delegation to the People (Sec. 32, Art. VII)3) Delegation to Local Governments
- Non-Passage of Irrepealable Laws
2. Procedural Limitations
Secs. 26-27, 1987 Constitution
a. only one subject expressed in the title
b. three readings on separate days
iii. Question Hour
Sec. 22, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
iv. Legislative Investigation
Sec. 21, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Bengzon v. Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767
v. Board of Canvassers for Presidential Elections
Sec. 4 (4), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
vi. Call for Special Election for President & Vice-President
Sec. 10, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Page 9 of 23
vii. Revoke or Extend suspension of privilege of writ of habes corpus or Declaration of Martial Law
Sec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
viii. Approve Presidential Amnesties
Sec. 19, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
ix. Confirm Certain Appointments
Secs. 9 & 16, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Sarmiento v. Mison, G.R. No. 79974, 17 Dec. 1987
x. Concur in Treaties
Sec. 21, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Bayan Muna v. Romulo, G.R. No. 159618, 1 Feb. 2011
xi. Declare War & Delegate Emergency Powers
Sec. 23, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
xii. Judge President’s Fitness
Sec. 11, par. 4, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
xiii. Power of Impeachment
Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
1. Impeachable Officers
Sec. 2, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
In re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771
2. Grounds
Sec. 2, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
3. Procedure
Romulo v. Yniguez, 141 SCRA 263 Francisco, Jr. v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 Nov. 2003Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, 15 Feb. 2011 & 8 March 2011
4. Effects
Sec. 3 (7), Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
xiv.Allow Utilization of Natural Resources
Sec. 2, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
xv. Amend or Revise the Constitution
Secs. 1-2, Art. XVII, 1987 Constitution
Page 10 of 23
h. Legislative Process
i. Requirement as to bills
1. titles of bills
Sec. 26, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Cruz v. Paras, 123 SCRA 569 (1983)Giron v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 188179, 22 January 2013
2. as to specific laws
a) Appropriation Laws
Secs. 24-25, 29, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 3, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
Demetria v. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 LAMP v. Secretary of Budget, G.R. No. 164987, 24 April 2012Pichay v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 196425, 24 July 2012
b) Tax Laws
Sec. 28, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 4 (3) & (4), Art. XIV, 1987 Constitution
Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115455, 25 Aug. 1994John Hay PAC v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, 24 October 2003Lung Center v. Quezon City, G.R. No. 144104, 29 June 2004
ii. Procedure for Passage of Bills
Sec. 26 (2), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, supra.Gonzales v. Macaraig, G.R. No. 87636, 19 November 1990Farinas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147387, 10 December 2003
iii. Veto by President
Sec. 27, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
Gonzales v. Macaraig, supra.Bolinao Electronics v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113105, 19 August 1994
iv. Effectivity of Laws
Tanada v. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27E.O. 200, 18 June 1987PVB Employees v. Hon. Vera, G.R. No. 105364, 28 June 2001
VII. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
1. The President
a. Qualifications, Election, Term & Oath
Secs. 2, 4-5, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Page 11 of 23
Pormento v. Estrada, G.R. No. 152154, 15 July 2003Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, 23 Nov. 2010; 7 June 2011
b. Privilege and Salary
Sec. 6, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
c. Prohibitions
Sec. 13, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Doromal v. Sandiganbayan, 177 SCRA 354 (1989)Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, 22 Feb. 1991Public Interest Center v. Elma, G.R. No. 138965, 30 June 2006
Exceptions:
i. Vice-President as member of the cabinet [Sec. 3 (2), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]
ii. DOJ Secretary as Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) member
[Sec. 8 (1), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution]
d. Succession
i. vacancy at the beginning of term [Secs. 7, 10, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]
ii. vacancy during the term
[Secs. 8, 10, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 146710-15, 2 March 2001 Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, 3 April 2001
iii. temporary disability
[Secs. 11-12, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]
Estrada v. Desierto, supra.
e. Removal
Secs. 2-3, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
f. Powers and Functions
i. Executive Power
Secs. 1 & 17, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 (1989)Birago v. Philippine Truth Commission, G.R. No. 192935, 7 Dec. 2010
ii. Control of Executive Departments
Sec. 17, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Page 12 of 23
De Leon v. Carpio, 178 SCRA 457 (1989)Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, 3 Dec. 2002DENR v. DENR Employees, G.R. No. 149724, 19 August 2003
iii. General Supervision over Local Governments & Autonomous Regions
Secs. 4, 16, Art. X, 1987 Constitution
Drilon v. Mayor Lim, G.R. No. 112497, 4 August 1994
iv. Appointment Power
Sec. 16, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Government v. Springer, 50 Phil. 257 (1927)
a. With consent of the Commission on Appointments
1. Heads of Departments2. Ambassadors, Public Ministers & Consuls3. AFP Officers from Colonel & Naval Captain4. Constitutional Commissions Chairpersons & Members5. Regular Members of the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC)
[Sec. 8 (2), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution]6. Sectoral Representatives
[Sec. 7, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution]
Sarmiento v. Mison, supra.Quintos-Deles v. Comm. on Appointments, 177 SCRA 259 (1989)Calderon v. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, 23 April 1992Matibag v. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, 2 April 2002Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139565, 21 July 2006
b. Upon Recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC)
1. Members of the Supreme Court & all other courts[Sec. 9, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution]
2. Ombudsman & deputies[Sec. 9, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution]
c. Appointment of Vice-President as cabinet member[Sec. 3, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]
d. Appointments solely by the President
Sec. 16, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
1. Appointments not otherwise provided by law2. As maybe authorized by law to appoint
e. Limitations to Appointing Power
1. Prohibited & Midnight Appointments
Secs. 13 & 15, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Arturo de Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March 2010
2. Interim or Recess Appointments
Sec. 19, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 16 (2), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Page 13 of 23
Matibag v. Benipayo, supra. v. Executive Clemency
Sec. 19, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution Sec. 5, Art. IX, C, 1987 Constitution
a. pardon distinguished from probation
People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56
b. pardon distinguished from parole
Torres v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 272 (1987)
c. pardon distinguished from amnesty
Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, 82 Phil 642
1. who may avail of amnesty
Macagaan v. People, 152 SCRA 430
d. effect of pardon
Monsanto v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. No. 78239, 9 Feb. 1989
vi. Commander-in-Chief
Sec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 3, Art. II, 1987 Constitution
IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, 15 August 2000Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, 10 May 2001Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085, 3 Feb. 2004David v. Ermita, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006Fortun, et al v. Gloria Arroyo, G.R. No. 190293, 20 March 2012
vii. Emergency Powers
Sec. 23 (2), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171390, 3 May 2006
viii. Contracting and Guaranteeing Foreign Loans
Secs. 20-21, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
ix. Power over Foreign Affairs
Sec. 21, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Pimental v. Ermita, G.R. No. 158088, 6 July 2005Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, 11 April 2002Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, 10 Oct. 2000Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, 17 Oct. 2000Go Tek v. Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1977)
x. Power over Legislation
a. to address congress
Sec. 23, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Page 14 of 23
b. budget preparation & submissionSec. 22, Art. Vii, 1987 Constitution
see Guingona v. Carague, supra.
c. veto power
Sec. 27, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
see Gonzales v. Macaraig, supra.see Bolinao Electronics v. Valencia, supra.see PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, supra.
d. emergency powers
Sec. 23 (2), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution
xi. Executive Immunity
Beltran v. Makasiar, G.R. No. 82585, 14 Nov. 1988 Estrada v. Desierto, supra.
xii. Executive Privilege
Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, 20 April 2006
2. The Vice-President
a. Qualifications, Election, Term & Oath
Secs. 3-5, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
b. Privilege and Salary
Sec. 6, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
c. Prohibitions
Sec. 13, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
d. Succession
Sec. 9, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
e. Removal
Secs. 2-3, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
VIII. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Judicial Power
Sec. 1, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
Santiago v. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970)Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 132601, 19 January 1999
See: Chapter III
1. Supreme Court
a. Composition
Page 15 of 23
Sec. 4, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297 (1948)
b. Appointments and Qualifications
Sec. 7, 8, 9, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
Kilosbayan v. Ermita, G.R. No. 177721, 3 July 2007Arturo de Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March 2010, supra.
c. Salary
Sec. 10, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 17, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution
Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 78780, 23 July 1987
d. Security of Tenure
Sec. 11, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297 (1948)De La Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294
e. Removal
Sec. 11, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 2, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
f. Fiscal Autonomy
Sec. 3, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
g. Jurisdiction
Sec. 1, 2, 5, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 30, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524, 15 April 1992Joya v. PCGG, G.R. No. 96541, 24 August 1993Macasiano v. NHA, G.R. No. 107921, 1 July 1993Mariano v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 118577, 7 March 1995TELEBAP v. Comelec, G.R. No. 132992, 21 April 1998Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835, 14 August 2000
h. Presidential Electoral Tribunal
Sec. 4, par. 4, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution
i. Administrative Powers
i. Supervision of Lower Courts
Sec. 6, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
Maceda v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 102781, 22 April 1993
ii. Temporarily assign judges to other stations
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Sec. 5 (3), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitutioniii. Order change of venue/trial
Sec. 5 (4), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
iv. Discipline of judges
Sec. 11, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
v. Appointment of officials and employees
Sec. 5 (6), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
j. Rule Making
Sec. 5 (5), Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 14 (2), Art. XII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 18 (3), Art. XIII, 1987 Constitution
Bustos v. Lucero, 81 Phil. 648 (1948)In re Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954)Javellana v. DILG, G.R. No.102549, 10 Aug.1992
k. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges
Sec. 12, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
In re Judge Mariano, 166 SCRA 246 (1988)
l. Report on the judiciary
Sec. 16, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
m. Manner of sitting and votes required
Sec. 4, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 11, Rule 56, Rules of CourtSec. 23, Rule 125, Rules of Court
Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, 19 August 1999People v. Dy, G.R. Nos. 115236-37, 16 January 2003People v. Ebio, G.R. No. 147750, 29 Sept. 2004
n. Requirements as to decisions
Secs. 13-14, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155 (1956)Valdez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 85082, 25 Feb. 1991People v. Lizada, G.R. Nos. 143468-71, 23 Jan. 2003
i. Period for deciding cases
Sec. 15, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution Sec. 18 (3), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution Secs. 12-14, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution
2. Lower Courts
a. Jurisdiction
Sec. 1, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
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b. Appointments and Qualifications
Sec. 7 (1) (2), 8 (5), 9, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
c. SalarySec. 10, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
d. Tenure
Sec. 1, 2 (2), 11, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
e. Removal
Sec. 11, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
f. Requirements as to preparation of orders
Sec. 14, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
i. Period for deciding cases
Sec. 15, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution Secs. 12-14, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution
3. Judicial and Bar Council
Sec. 8, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution
IX. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
A. Objective
Sec. 1, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
B. Natural Resources
1. Regalian Doctrine
Lee Hong Kok v. David, 48 SCRA 372, 377 (1972)
2. Citizenship Requirement
Secs. 2 & 7, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
Chavez v. PEA and AMARI, G.R. No. 133250, 9 July 2002
3. Classification, Size, & Conditions for grant of public lands
Sec. 3, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
Director of Lands v. IAC, 146 SCRA 509 (1986)Republic v. Court of Appeals, 155 SCRA 344 (1987)
4. Conservation of forest lands and national parks
Sec. 4, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
5. Protection of ancestral lands of indigenous cultural communities
Sec. 5, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
See: Cruz v. DENR, 347 SCRA 128
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C. Private Lands
1. Citizenship requirement
Sec. 7, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
Godinez v. Pak Luen, 120 SCRA 223 (1983)
a. Exceptions
i. legal succession
Ramirez v. vda. De Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704 (1982)
ii. acquisition by former natural-born citizens
Sec. 8, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
2. Agrarian Reform
Secs. 4-8 Art. XIII, 1987 Constitution
3. Urban land reform and housing
Secs. 9-10, Art. XIII, 1987 Constitution
D. Economic Activities
1. Rationale
Secs. 6, 12 & 13, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
2. Organization and regulation of private corporations
Sec. 16, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
NADECO v. PVB, 192 SCRA 257
3. Operation of public utilities
Secs. 11, 17 & 18, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
Albano v. Reyes, 175 SCRA 264Tatad v. Garcia, Jr., G.R. No. 114222, 6 April 1995Associated Communications v. NTC, G.R. No. 144109, 17 Feb. 2003JG Summit v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124293, 24 Sept. 2003
4. State Operation of private enterprises
Secs. 17-18, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
5. Practice of Professions
Sec. 14, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
6. Money, Banking and Credit
Secs. 20-21, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
7. Cooperatives
Sec. 15, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
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8. Monopolies, Combinations & Unfair Competition
Sec. 19, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution
Eastern Assurance v. LTFRB, G.R. No. 149717, 7 Oct. 2003
X. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
A. Public Office as Public Trust
Sec. 1, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
Hipolito v. Mergas, A.M. No. P-90-412, 11 March 1991
1. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth
Sec. 17, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
2. Ban on financial accommodation
Sec. 16, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
B. Impeachment by Congress
See: Chapter VI
C. Sandiganbayan
Sec. 4, Art. XI, 1987 ConstitutionP.D. 1606, 10 December 1979
Nunez v. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433 (1982)Mayor Lecaros v. Sandiganbayan, 128 SCRA 324 (1984)
D. Ombudsman
1. Composition
Sec. 5, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
2. Powers and Functions
Secs. 12-13, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
Raro v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 108431, 14 July 2000Acop v. Ombudsman, 248 SCRA 566 (1995)Deloso v. Domingo, 191 SCRA 545 (1990)
3. Qualifications
Sec. 8, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
4. Appointment and Term
Secs. 9 & 11, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
5. Rank and Salary
Sec. 10, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
6. Disqualification
Sec. 8, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
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Sec. 2, Art. IX-A, 1987 Constitution
7. Fiscal Autonomy
Sec. 14, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
8. Appointment of Personnel
Sec. 6, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
9. Office of the Special Prosecutor
Sec. 7, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution
Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843 (1988)
XI. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
A. Civil Service Commission
1. Scope of Civil Service
Art. IX, B, Sec. 2 (1)
Gamogamo v. PNOC Shipping, G.R. No. 141707, May 7, 2002Leyson v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 134990, April 27, 2000PNOC v. Leogardo, G.R. No. 58494, July 5, 1989
2. Commission- Composition and Qualifications
Art. IX, B, Sec. 1 (1)Art. VII, Sec. 13, par. 2
3. Commissioners- Appointment and Term of Office
Art. IX, B, Sec. 1 (2)
4. Personnel- Appointment
Art. IX, A, Sec. 4
5. Salary
Art. IX, A, Sec. 3Art. XVIII, Sec. 17
6. Disqualifications and Removal
Art. IX, A, Sec. 2Art. XI, Sec. 2
7. Review of Decisions
Art. IX, A, Sec. 7
8. Fiscal Autonomy
Art. IX, A, Sec. 5
B. Commission on Elections
1. Powers and Functions
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Art. IX, B, Sec. 2 (1-9)
2. Commission- Composition and Qualifications
Art. IX, C, Sec. 1 (1)Art. VII, Sec. 13 (2)
3. Commissioners- Appointment and Term of Office
Art. IX, C, Sec. 1 (2)
9. Personnel- Appointment
Art. IX, A, Sec. 4
10. Salary
Art. IX, A, Sec. 4Art. XVIII, Sec. 17
11. Disqualifications and Removal
Art. IX, A, Sec. 2Art. XI, Sec. 2
12. Review of Decisions
Art. IX, C, Sec. 2 (2)Art. IX, A, Sec. 4
13. Fiscal Autonomy
Art. IX, A, Sec. 5
C. Commission on Audit
1. Powers and Functions
Art. IX, D. Sec. 2-3Art. VI, Sec. 20
2. Commission- Composition and Qualifications
Art. IX, D, Sec. 1 (1)Art. VII, Sec. 12 (2)
4. Commissioners- Appointment and Term of Office
Art. IX, D, Sec. 1 (2)
14. Personnel- Appointment
Art. IX, A, Sec. 4
15. Salary
Art. IX, A, Sec. 3Art. XVIII, Sec. 17
16. Disqualifications and Removal
Art. IX, A, Sec. 2Art. XI, Sec. 2
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17. Review of Decisions
Art. IX, A, Sec. 7
18. Fiscal Autonomy
Art. IX, A, Sec. 5
XII. NATIONAL COMMISSIONS
A. Commission on Human Rights
Art. XIII, Sec. 17 (1-4)
1. Powers and Functions
Art. XIII, Sec. 18 (1-9)
B. National Police Commission
Art. XVI, Sec. 6
C. National Language Commission
Art. XVI, Sec. 9
D. Commission on Indigenous Cultural Communities
Art. XVI, Sec. 12
XII. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (See: Atty. Amando Virgil Ligutan’s Syllabus on Local Government)
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“The future does not belong to the fainthearted, it belongs to the brave. “
-Ronald Reagan
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