Constantine moves capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) Germanic tribes (Franks and Goths)...
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Transcript of Constantine moves capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) Germanic tribes (Franks and Goths)...
Constantine moves capital to Byzantium
(renamed Constantinople)
Germanic tribes
(Franks and Goths) raid and sack
Rome
“Fall” of Western Roman
Empire
The Byzantin
e Empire!
Justinian becomes emperor
Taxpayer revolt
– crushed by Justinian
Byzantine Empire falls
to Ottoman Turks
1054 Catholic Church
splits- Roman
Catholic (West) &
Eastern Orthodox (East)
Rise of Culture and Cultural Diffusion
Dark ages
High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages
Byzantine EmpireByzantine EmpireAfter the Western Roman Empire fell to
German barbarian invasions in the 5th century, the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at
Constantinople, repelled the invasions and went on to survive for 1000 more years
Known by historians as the Byzantine Empire
Played important role in –
preserving and spreading the culture of ancient Greeks and Romans
Located on a peninsula that overlooked the Bosporus Strait
Controlled movement between Mediterranean & Black Seas
Key trade center between East & West
FortificationsGreek fire…
Natural protection from invaders: water on 3 sides
Triple Walls fortified open side
The Golden Horn – inlet could be blocked off with iron chains
Eastern Roman EmpirePolitically: Highly centralized; emperor;
superb military, defenses; Roman Law (theoretically innocent until proven guilty; evidence to convict)
Economically: trade crossroads= prospered; but also had excellent agricultural production & manufacturing
Culturally: uniform church (enforced – heretics persecuted); church subject to Emperor in practice; art/architecture
Justinian & TheodoraJustinian & Theodora – – ruled Byz. Empire 527-565 CE
Why did the Byzantine Empire develop this way?
Why did it eventually collapse?
Muslim Ottoman TurksMuslim Ottoman TurksConq. Constantinople 1453 CE
Justinian and Justinian and TheodoraTheodora
Justinian was a 6th century Byzantine Emperor – Theodora, his wife, was very influential in his reign
Theodora urged Justinian to give women more rights – own land, business, protection from spousal abuse
Theodora encouraged Justinian not to flee when taxpayers revolted (Nika Rebellion)
Justinian stayed and his army crushed the rebels
Byzantine ArtByzantine ArtGlorified religionIcons – small religious paintings in homes,
churches & shrines (Jesus, the Madonna, Saints)
Mosaics - pictures made of many tiny pieces of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster
Illuminated manuscripts Subjects of Byzantine art appeared stiff and
artificial with calm, meditative faces to inspire reverence - artists tried to preserve what they believed to be the true appearances of the religious figures
Byzantine ArchitectureByzantine ArchitectureGreatest form of Byzantine artHagia Sophia, meaning “holy wisdom” Greatest masterpiece
Huge building in form of a crosshuge dome that rests on
massive columns
Justinian’s Code
Justinian had Roman laws codified and classified
Preserved Rome’s legal heritagePrinciples like innocent until
proven guiltylater became the basis for most
European legal systems
Justinian’s AccomplishmentsJustinian’s Accomplishments
Expanded the EmpireCreated Justinian’s CodeCommissioned rebuilding of
Hagia SophiaHelped spread ChristianityIncreased women’s rights
Fall of Constantinople
Ottoman Turks from central Asia attacked the Eastern provinces
In AD 1453 the Ottomans laid siege to Constantinople
fell to Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire
After almost 1500 years, the Roman Empire ended
Legacy of the Byzantine EmpireLegacy of the Byzantine EmpirePreserved writings of ancient Greeks
and Romans and the importance of scholarship
Codified and preserved Roman Law (Code of Justinian)
Spread Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Church) to the Russians and other eastern Europeans
… cultural diffusion
ConflictConflict in the Christian Church in the Christian ChurchArguments over use of icons & Nature of
Christ (monophysite vs dual) – dual nature prevailedpersecuted monophysites as hereticsAD 726 Byz Emperor condemned icons;
supporters: iconoclasts (image breakers)All church leaders resisted order and were
supported by the Roman Pope - so both sides used “images”
But causes rift
First split (schism) in Christendomeast and west argued over religious authorityPope in Rome & Patriarch of
Constantinople each declared their “seat” the supreme church authority +
Other differences in custom & ritual…Eventually led to a schism in 1054 AD
Roman Catholic Church in West and Eastern Orthodox Church in East
Next:
How did How did early Russiaearly Russia develop & how was that develop & how was that development influenced by development influenced by the the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire??
Look at maps…Look at maps…
The Kievan RusThe Kievan RusKievKiev developed along the Dnieper
River- important trade route connecting Baltic Sea and Black Sea
Byzantine goods & culture traveled along the river systems
Other geographic features steppe – taiga -
Kievan RusKievan Rus
•language/nationality: Slavic
•Gov’t from Varangians?
•Principalities - area ruled by a prince
•Boyars - nobles (large landowners)
•farming & hunting main livelihood
Important Developments during the Kievan RusKievan Rusall influenced by the Byzantinesall influenced by the Byzantines
AlphabetAlphabetreligionreligionlaw codelaw codeArt/architectureArt/architecture
9th century: Cyrillic AlphabetCyrillic Alphabetalphabet for the Slavic languages Named for St. Cyril, a Greek monk who,
with Methodius, created a writing system to western slavic Christian converts in the mid-ninth century (c.860)
The Cyrillic alphabet is closely based on the Greek alphabet - with about a dozen additional letters invented to represent Slavic sounds not found in Greek.
Hello, I am called Ivan Selvia. Today I will study/learn the Russian language. Will you also study/learn?
Vladimir IVladimir I11th century
Investigated various religionsadopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity
(because of Hagia Sophia’s magnificencemass baptism for his subjectsmarried Byzantine princessbrought Byzantine culture to KievMetropolitan (chief bishop) appointed
Yaroslav the wiseYaroslav the wise (I)(I): Vladimir’s sonEstablished first
•school
• library
• law code (Russkaia Pravda)
•but Kiev declined after his death - became part of Mongol Empire
Byzantine influenceByzantine influencealphabet adapted from alphabet adapted from
Greek (Greek (CyrillicCyrillic))Religion (Religion (Eastern Eastern
OrthodoxOrthodox))Law code - ishLaw code - ishart (art (iconsicons) and architecture) and architecture