consonants phonetics

74

description

Describing consonants (phonetics)

Transcript of consonants phonetics

Page 1: consonants  phonetics
Page 2: consonants  phonetics

Outline

Definition

Classification

Description

Phonemes and Allophones

Transcription

Allophonic rules

Page 3: consonants  phonetics

definition

Consonant sounds are the sounds in

the production of which two

articulators come together so that the

airstream is obstructed and can not

get out freely.

eg. /p, k, s, t, j/

Page 4: consonants  phonetics

Speech organs (articulators)

Page 5: consonants  phonetics

classification

24 English consonants are classified

according to 3 criteria:

Place of articulation

Manner of articulation

Voicing

Page 6: consonants  phonetics

place of articulation

1. Bilabial (upper lip+lower lip)

/b, p, m, w/

2. Labiodental (lower lip+upper teeth)

/v, f/

3. Dental (tongue+teeth)

/D, T/

4. Alveolar (alveolar ridge+tongue)

/d, t, z, s, l, n/

Page 7: consonants  phonetics

place of articulation

5. Palato-alveolar (hard palate+alveolar

ridge+tongue)

/Z, S, dZ, tS, r/

6. Palatal (hard palate+tongue)

/j/

7. Velar (soft palate+tongue)

/g, k, Î/

8. Glottal (vocal cords)

/h/

Page 8: consonants  phonetics

manner of articulation

1. Plosive (complete closure+sudden

release)

/b, p, d, t, g, k/

2. Fricative (narrowing resulting in audible

friction)

/v, f, z, s, Z, h, D, T, S/

3. Affricate (closure+low separation)

/dZ, tS/

Page 9: consonants  phonetics

manner of articulation

4. Nasal (complete closure+air escape through nose)

/m, n, Î/

5. Lateral (closure in mouth centre+air escape at tongue sides)

/l/

6. Approximant (slight narrowing but not enough to cause friction)

/w, j, r/

Page 10: consonants  phonetics

voicing

Voiced Voiceless

b

v

D

d

z

Z

dZ

g

p

f

T

t

s

S

tS

k

Voiced Voiceless

m

n

Î

l

w

j

r

h

Page 11: consonants  phonetics

classification of consonantsbilabial

labiodental

dental

alveolar

palato-alveolar

palatal

velar

glottal

plosive + b- p

+ d- t

+ g- k

fricative

+ v- f

+D- T

+ z- s

+ Z- S

- h

affricate

+ dZ- tS

nasal + m + n + Î

lateral + lapproximant

+ w + r + j

Page 12: consonants  phonetics

Description of consonants

1.Plosives

2.Fricatives

3.Affricates

4. Nasals

5. Laterals

6.

Approximants

Page 13: consonants  phonetics

plosives

Features

Stages of plosives

Description

Page 14: consonants  phonetics

features of plosives

Place of articulation

Force of articulation

Aspiration

Voicing

Page 15: consonants  phonetics

place of articulation

/p, b/: bilabial

/t, d/: alveolar

/k, g/: velar

Page 16: consonants  phonetics

force of articulation

more muscular

energy, stronger

breath

less muscular energy,

weaker breath

/p, t, k/

FORTIS

/b, d, g/

LENIS

Page 17: consonants  phonetics

ASPIRATION

Voiceless plosives /p, t, k/

in syllable-initial position

ASPIRATE

D

Page 18: consonants  phonetics

voicing

Voiced plosives /b, d, g/

in word-medial position between voiced

sounds

FULL

VOICED

Page 19: consonants  phonetics

THREE STAGES OF PLOSIVES

Closing stage: articulating organs

move together to form obstruction

Compression stage: air compressed

behind closure

Release stage: compressed air escapes

abruptly

Page 20: consonants  phonetics

description of bilabial plosives

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off,

closure by lips

lung air compressed

vocal folds wide apart: /p/

vocal folds vibrating: /b/

lip closure released, air escaped /p, b/

Page 21: consonants  phonetics

description of alveolar plosives

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off,

closure by tip and rims of tongue, upper alveolar

ridge and side teeth

lung air compressed

vocal folds wide apart: /t/

vocal folds vibrating: /d/

alveolar closure suddenly separated, air escaped/t, d/

Page 22: consonants  phonetics

description of velar plosives

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off

closure by back of tongue and soft palate

lung air compressed

vocal folds wide apart: /k/

vocal folds vibrating: /g/

linguo-velar closure suddenly separated,

air escaped/k, g/

Page 23: consonants  phonetics

description of glottal plosive

vocal folds closed

silence

no vibration of vocal cords

vocal folds suddenly separated,

air pressure below glottis released

eg. It’s empty. / /

Page 24: consonants  phonetics

fricatives

Features

Description

Page 25: consonants  phonetics

features of fricatives

Place of articulation

Force of articulation

Voicing

Page 26: consonants  phonetics

place of articulation

/f, v/: labiodental

/D, T/: dental

/s, z/: alveolar

/Z, S/: palato-alveolar

/h/: glottal

Page 27: consonants  phonetics

force of articulation

more muscular

energy, stronger

breath

less muscular energy,

weaker breath

/f, T, s, S/

FORTIS

/v, D, z, Z/

LENIS

Page 28: consonants  phonetics

voicing

Voiced fricatives /v, D, z, Z/

between voiced sounds

FULL

VOICED

Page 29: consonants  phonetics

description of labiodental fricatives

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off

closure by inner surface of lower lip and edge of upper teeth

lung air compressed, friction

voiceless: /f/

voiced: /v/

air released

/f, v/

Page 30: consonants  phonetics

description of dental fricatives

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off

closure by tip and rims of tongue and edge, inner

surface of upper front teeth and upper side teeth

air causes friction

voiceless: / T /

voiced: /D/

air released /T, D/

Page 31: consonants  phonetics

description of alveolar fricatives

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off

closure by blade of tongue and upper alveolar ridge,

side rims of tongue and upper side teeth

air causes friction

between tongue and alveolar ridge

voiceless: /s/; voiced: /z/

air released /s, z/

Page 32: consonants  phonetics

description of palato-alveolar fricatives

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off

closure by tip and blade of tongue and alveolar ridge,

side rims of tongue and upper side teeth

front of tongue raised

friction between extensive area

of tongue and roof of mouth

voiceless: /S/; voiced: /Z/

air released /S, Z/

Page 33: consonants  phonetics

description of glottal fricative /h/

Only in syllable-initial, prevocalic positions

Voiceless

no closure

air expelled from lung with considerable pressure

friction throughout vocal tract

Page 34: consonants  phonetics

features of affricates

beginning as plosives but ending as fricatives

the plosive and the fricative being homorganic

eg. church /tS Æ: tS/ (but breakfast)

Page 35: consonants  phonetics

description of palato-alveolar affricates

soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off,

closure by tip, blade and rims of tongue, upper alveolar

ridge and side teeth

front of tongue raised

closure released slowly,

friction between blade of tongue and

alveolar palatal of roof of mouth

voiceless /tS/; voiced /dZ/ /tS, dZ/

Page 36: consonants  phonetics

nasals

Features

Description

Page 37: consonants  phonetics

features of nasals

Total closure within the mouth at some

point, air escaped into nasal cavity

No audible friction is produced

nasals are voiced

Page 38: consonants  phonetics

description of bilabial nasal

lips closed, mouth chamber

closed,

soft palate lowered

resonance of nasal cavity added

to those of pharynx

air released /m/

Page 39: consonants  phonetics

description of alveolar nasal

closure by tongue, tip ridge and

upper side teeth,

soft palate lowered

resonance of nasal cavity added

to those of pharynx and that

part of mouth chamber

air released /n/

Page 40: consonants  phonetics

description of velar nasal

closure by back of tongue and velum,

soft palate lowered

resonance of nasal cavity added to

those of pharynx and that part of

mouth chamber

air released

* Only after /I, e, {, ö, Á/ /Î/

Page 41: consonants  phonetics

description of lateral /l/

Clear /l/ & Dark /l/

soft palate raised, nasal resonators shut off,

closure by tip of tongue and upper teeth ridge

air escaped on both sides

Page 42: consonants  phonetics

CLEAR /l/ DARK /l/

before vowel and /j/:

look

other positions: feel

front of tongue raised

towards hard palate,

front vowel resonance

front of tongue depressed,

back raised towards soft

palate,

back vowel resonance

Page 43: consonants  phonetics

approximants

Palato-alveolar

approximant /r/

Bilabial approximant /w/

Palatal approximant /j/

Page 44: consonants  phonetics

description of

palato-alveolar approximant

soft palate raised, nasal

resonator shut off, tip of tongue

held near to but not touching

rear part of upper teeth ridge,

central part of tongue lowered

airstream escapes without

friction /r/

Page 45: consonants  phonetics

description of bilabial approximant /w/

soft palate raised, vocal folds vibrate

tongue in position for back close-mid

to close vowel, moving away

immediately to position of following

sound

eg. weather. which, twin

Page 46: consonants  phonetics

description of palatal approximant /j/

tongue in position for close-mid to

close vowel front, moving away

immediately to position of following

sound

eg. yawn, senior, use

Page 47: consonants  phonetics

Phonemes & allophones

Page 48: consonants  phonetics

PHONEMES ALLOPHONES

Definition the smallest

segment of sound

that can distinguish

two words

ideal object

different realisations of

the same phoneme

physical

manifestations

Features • abstract

• limited (44)

• Difference

between phonemes

is functional

difference.

• real and concrete

• unlimited

• Difference between

allophones is phonetic

difference.

Example ‘cat’ & ‘bat’

‘cat’ & ‘cot’

‘speak’ & ‘pick’

‘note’ & ‘teeth’

Page 49: consonants  phonetics

transcription

Broad transcription

Narrow

transcription

Page 50: consonants  phonetics

BROAD TRANSCRIPTION

NARROW TRANSCRIPTION

A transcription that uses a simple set of symbols.

A transcription that shows more phonetic details by using more specific symbols, or by representing some allophonic differences.

Also called phonemic transcription

Also called phonetic transcription

Consists of phonemic symbols between two slanting lines peak /pi:k/ twin /twin/

Consists of phonemic symbols and diacritics between two square brackets peak [phi:k] twin [twoin]

Page 51: consonants  phonetics
Page 52: consonants  phonetics

20 Allophonic rules

Page 53: consonants  phonetics

rule 1

eg. ‘pipped’: [phipot]

‘testy’: [thsti]

-voiced

+stop

/p,t,k/

+aspirated

when syllable-initial

Page 54: consonants  phonetics

rule 2

eg. ‘try to improve’

but ‘bad girl’

+voiced

+obstruent

partially voiced

when syllable-final

except when followed

by a voiced sound

Obstruents = plosives + fricatives

/b, d, g, v, D, Z, z/

Page 55: consonants  phonetics

rule 3

eg. bib, did

+consonantal

longer

when at end of

phrase

Page 56: consonants  phonetics

rule 4

eg. twin [twoin]

cue [kjou]

+approximant

/w, r, j/

-voiced

after

[+aspirated, +plosive]

Page 57: consonants  phonetics

rule 5

eg. spew [spoju:]

stew [stoju:]

-voiced

+plosive

/p, t, k/

-aspirated

after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable

Page 58: consonants  phonetics

rule 6

eg. cap /k{p/ but cab /k{b/

back /b{k/ but bag

/b{g/

+vowel shorter

before voiceless sounds

in the same syllable

Page 59: consonants  phonetics

rule 7

-voiced longer

at end of syllable

eg. cap /k{p/ but cab /k{b/

back /b{k/ but bag

/b{g/

Page 60: consonants  phonetics

rule 8

+plosive

/p,b,t,

d,k,g/

unexploded

before [+plosive]

eg. apt [{pot]

act [{kot]

but ape

/eIp/

Page 61: consonants  phonetics

rule 9

-voiced

+plosive

/p,t,k/

after vowel and

at end of syllable

eg. tip [ti p]

pit [pi t]

kick [ki k]

+glottal plosive

-voiced+plosive

Page 62: consonants  phonetics

rule 10

-voiced

+alveolar

+plosive

/t/

+glottal plosive

before nasal

in same word

eg. beaten [bi n]

but beaten

[bi:tn]

Page 63: consonants  phonetics

rule 11

+nasal

/m,n, Î/+syllabic

at end of word

and after obstruents

eg. garden /ga:dn/

chasm /k{zm/

but film /fIlm/

Page 64: consonants  phonetics

rule 12

+lateral

/l/

+syllabic

at end of word

and after another consonant

eg. paddle /p{dl/

channel /tS{nl/

but file /faIl/

Page 65: consonants  phonetics

rule 13

-voiced

+alveolar

+plosive

/t/

-voiced

+tap

between stressed vowel

and unstressed syllable

eg. fatty /f{ri/ (AE) but /f{ti/ (BE)

data /deI r@/ (AE) but /deI t@/

(BE)

Page 66: consonants  phonetics

rule 14

+alveolar

/d,t,z,s, n,l/

+dental

before dental (D, T)

eg. sixth [sIksT]

wealth [welT]

but well /wel/

Page 67: consonants  phonetics

rule 15

+velar

/g,k,Î/more front

before more front vowel

eg. cat /k{t/

kept /kept/

give /gIv/

Front vowel: /I, i:, e,

{/

Page 68: consonants  phonetics

rule 16

+lateral

/l/

velarised

after vowel and before another

consonant or end of word

eg. file /faIl/ but life /laIf/

talc /t{lk/ but lack

/l{k/

Page 69: consonants  phonetics

rule 17

+vowel

longer

in open syllable

eg. see /si:/ but seed /si:d/

Page 70: consonants  phonetics

rule 18

+vowel

longer

in stressed syllable

eg. cite /saIt/ but citation

/saI'teISFn/

Page 71: consonants  phonetics

rule 19

+vowel

+nasal

before nasal /m,n,Î/

eg. ban/b{n/ but bag /b{g/

Page 72: consonants  phonetics

rule 20

+front

+vowel

retracted

before

syllable-final /l/

eg. heel /hi:l/ but heed /hi:d/

pail /peIl/ but paid /peId/

Page 73: consonants  phonetics

outline

Definition

Classification

Description

Phonemes and

Allophones

Transcription

Allophonic rules

Page 74: consonants  phonetics

Exercise

insect

sudden

mother

market

gesture

effect

fishing

danger