CH 13

Consolidation of European Powers

I. Introduction

1600’s-1700’s were a period of prosperity and decline

Most European countries expanded their power and influence

End of the period 5 countries came out on top Great Britain France Austria Prussia Russia

I. Introduction

Most of Europe followed two types of political organization

Netherlands, Swiss Cantons and Venice were republics Parliamentary Monarch

England Limited Monarch- King is head of state but limited

through a constitution Political Absolutism

France (King Louis XIV- “I am the state”) King or dictator has absolute power

Power of monarch cannot be checked

II. Netherlands

United Provinces of the Netherlands Revolted from Spain 1572 Were later able to hold their own in numerous naval

battles against other European naval powers Ruled by the House of Orange (William III of Orange

(1650-1702) Put fully in charge during times of war Times of peace- States General (Republic) ruled with

provinces maintaining autonomy

II. Netherlands

Economy Reclamation of land

Used for cash crops and cattle Imported grain

Textiles Herring Middlemen for trading Dutch East India Company

Became dominate in Indian trade Dominated spice trade (Until WWII)

II. Netherlands

Economy Early 1700s William III, stadtholder of Holland died

Provinces did not want a central authority Resulted in downfall of navy

• Resulted in decline of most sectors of the Netherland’s economy

Only saved economically by banks funding most of Europe’s trade

III. England

James I of England (r. 1603-1625) AKA James VI of Scotland Mary Stuart’s son

Took over England after Elizabeth I died Took over England when Parliament had to be

summoned by the king Avoided this through customs/ tariffs called impositions

On currants (berries usually dried) and tobacco Ruled by putting court favorites in charge

III. England

James I (continued) Quarreled with Puritans over the Anglican church Resulted in numerous Puritans leaving England

Plymouth Colony- Cape Cod Bay (1620 Puritans left England for the Americas Felt they could not gain religious freedom unless they

went to the Americas• Felt Reformation had stopped in England

III. England

Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Son of James I Renewed war with Spain

Used new taxes and fund it Forced royal loans Quartered troops in English homes Resulted in Petition of Right 1628

No taxation with out Parliament’s approval, no unjust imprisonment and no quartering troops in homes

Charles agreed to it but then dissolved parliament

III. England

Charles I (continued) Was accused of being to friendly with Catholics when

made peace with France (1629) and Spain (1630) More for financial reasons

Had to reconvene parliament for to fund a war against Scotland (over religion) Short Parliament (April-May 1640)

III. England

Charles I and the Long Parliament(1640-1660) Parliament forced Charles to follow their rules

Only Parliament approved taxes Parliament must meet no less than every 3 years Parliament can only be dissolved with its approval

Radical members in parliament said Charles could not be trusted with army Charles invades Parliament Militia Ordinance- Parliament can raise its own army

Civil War between Cavaliers (Charles I) vs. Roundheads (Parliament) (1642-1646)

III. England

The End of Charles I Charles lost the war

Tried to subvert power from Parliament and tried to raise a new army

Oliver Cromwell and Parliament created an act allowing a king to be tried by Parliament Charles was then behead on January 30, 1649 The monarch, House of Lords and the Anglican Church

was abolished Only the House of Commons was left

Ruled by Oliver Cromwell• Became a military dictator- Very strict government

III. England

Charles II (r.1660-1685) Son of Charles I

Fled to France as a teen, with mother, during civil war Came back to England in 1660 after Oliver Cromwell’s

death Was a Catholic in secret and allied himself with Louis

XIV Considered untrustworthy by parliament

Able to rule without parliament for the last few years of his rule Used custom duties to fund his rule

III. England

Glorious Revolution James II (1685-1688) takes over after his father’s

death Put a number of Catholic’s in office and dissolved

Parliament Everyone waited for him to die so Mary II could take

over He had a son which ruined their plan Invited William of Orange to take over England

James flees and William is unopposed William of Orange (III) and Mary II took over only

after signing the English Bill of Rights Also limited Catholics (can’t be kind)

III. England

George I (1714-1727) Took over after William III as a result of the Act of Settlement

Throne given to House of Hanover (Germany)in event of no heirs Throne was contested by James Edward Stuart

Defeated Rule was weak until Sir Robert Walpole came into the picture

Became Premier under George I (acted as a Prime-Minister) Brought stability and “ran Parliament”

During this time both the king and other government officials were accountable to public opinion Were openly opposed and questioned Free Speech

IV. France

Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) Was able to take total control due to Cardinal

Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin who helped centralize France’s government Helped revoke the Edict of Nantes Overstepping power resulted in nobles rebelling in the

Fronde (1649-1652) Forced to subvert power less openly

• Was manipulative Put people of no personal power in charge Kept political institutions and “consulted” with them

IV. France

Louis XIV (continued) Made everything extravagant

Had Versailles built (1676-1708) Temple to Royalty or the Sun King

Nobles lives revolved around Louis and his life at court Had to pay to stay there

Ruled by “divine right” Only God could judge the king “I am the state”

Allowed local rule but could not contradict his rule

IV. France

France under Louis Was superior in comparison to other European nations

Larger population Elaborate Bureaucracy Very unified (propaganda) Massive standing army

Better weapons Sought to “strengthen” (expand) borders in along the north Was repressive in regards to religion

Jansenist (Strict Catholics that opposed Jesuits- Man is corrupt and can do no good) Strictly persecuted which went against Gallican Liberties

• Turned some of the government against he monarch

IV. France

After Louis XIV Louis XV was a weak ruler

Allowed the Parlements to gain more power Later resisted the authority of the king

Lost many battles Rule was plagued with a number of scandals Suffered a economic decline

V. The Others

Poland Ruled by a king- elected by the nobles

Never picked from the nobility- usually from other countries King John Sobieski III- exception

Legislative body known as Seim/Diet Required unanimous agreement or resulted in

Exploding the diet Eventually gets divided up amongst Russia, Poland

and Turkey

V. The Others

Austria Ruled by the Hapsburgs

Isolated after 30 Years’ War Continued to be called the HRE

Power was political and based on support from princes Expanded eastward

Leopold I gained Hungary from the Ottoman Turks

V. The Others

Prussia Gained prominence after the Treaty of Westphalia

Hohenzollerns gained territory by inheritance Originally ruled Brandenburg (Territory surrounding

Berlin) Eventually expanded through military force

Became very militaristic under Frederick William I Did not use military for defensive purposes

Frederick II (The Great) used it to expand his territory

V. The Others

Russia Was originally the laughing stock of Europe Romanov Dynasty

Started under Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)- elected as Tsar

Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) Sought to increase the power of tsar and the military

• Brutally suppressed any rebellionsAgainst Boyars (nobles) and Streltsy (military of the

nobles)Or his son Aleksei

V. The Others

Russia Continued Peter the Great

Europeanized Russia Culture and military

• Built a stronger navy Great Northern War

Fought with Sweden to gain a warm water port on the Black Sea

Gained territory in Estonia, Livonia and Finland Placed the Orthodox Church under control of the Tsar

V. The Others

The Ottoman Turks Dominant Muslim power from 1516 on

Controlled a huge expanse of terrritory Ruled by Sultans

Divided government into Millets (religious government communities

Ulama (Relgious Scholars) interpreted Shari’a law Janissaries- Slave soldiers who were trained to use firearms

Very loyal Power declined

Dutch and Portuguese infringed on Trade Sultans became pleasure seeking and allowed Viziers to rule Eventually became the sick man of Europe- kept to balance

power