Conservation Biology
description
Transcript of Conservation Biology
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Conservation Biology
Biodiversity
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Trophic LevelsPrimary ProducersPrimary ConsumersSecondary ConsumersTertiary ConsumersQuaternary Consumers
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Trophic LevelsPrimary ProducersPrimary ConsumersSecondary ConsumersTertiary ConsumersQuaternary Consumers
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Keystone Species
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Keystone Species
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Keystone SpeciesCoyote –Keystone species in Walnut
Killing coyotes means an increase in a few dominant species Residents complain about rodent problems when coyotes disappear
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Biodiversity – Number of Species?
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Biodiversity Levels
Genetic SpeciesCommunity and Ecosystem
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Biodiversity Levels
AlphaNumber of taxa in a local area
GammaNumber of taxa in a region
BetaThe turnover of species from one habitat to another
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Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity
Latitude60 degrees N40 degrees N20 degrees N
Ant Species10 species50 – 100 species100 – 200 species
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Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity
CountryGreenlandNew YorkGuatemalaColombia
Bird Species56 species105 species469 species1395 species
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Bird Diversity in North and Central America
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Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity
Location
Arctic WatersTemperate WatersTropical Seas
Marine Species (Tunicates)
100 species400 species600 species
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Latitude BeltsTemperate Zone Habitats
MarshGrasslandShrublandDesertConiferous ForestsUpland DeciduousFloodplain Deciduous
# of Bird Species (E. J. Tramer)
661414172124
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Foliage Height DiversityAdding new layers adds new habitats for additional species
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North American Diversity (MacArthur and MacArthur)
Mammals and Breeding Land Birds
Increase from North to SouthMore in the west
• Increases with heterogeneity
Reptiles and Amphibians
More abundant in East• Reptiles – mountains• Amphibians - water
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Island BiogeographyMacArthur and Wilson (1960’s)
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Primary ProductivityThe amount of light energy that is converted into chemical energyOften expressed as biomass
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Pyramid of Net Productivity
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Secondary ProductivityThe rate at which an ecosystem converts the chemical energy of the food they eat into their own biomass10% rule
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Biodiversity Crisis
Extinction Rates are increasingToxins (biological magnification)Greenhouse effect / Ozone depletionOverpopulation
Major threats to BiodiversityHabitat DestructionOverexploitationIntroduction of exotics
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ConservationEndangered Species
in danger of becoming extinctThreatened Species
likely to become endangered in the near future
Genetic DiversityLosing individuals or populations loses genetic diversity
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Habitat Fragmentation
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ConservationEdgesCorridorsProtect landscapes not individual speciesSustainable development
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Edge Effect
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Corridors
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Population Viability AnalysisPredicts whether a species will persist in an environment
minimum viable populationeffective population size
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ExtinctionBackground
Several species a year just go extinct – They are replaced
MassLarge scale extinction – species replaced due to adaptive radiation of remaining species
AnthropogenicLarge scale extinction – species being replaced by a single species (humans)