Consciousness: Focus on Awareness. Consciousness Our awareness of our own existence, sensations, and...

Consciousness: Focus on Awareness

Consciousness

Our awareness of our own existence, sensations, and cognitions

“Stream of consciousness” What function does consciousness

serve?

Consciousness Normal consciousness -different parts of brain activated Altered states of consciousness

Sleeping Dreaming Hypnosis Meditation Drug induced Other?

Culturally based

Stages of Sleep EEG-based

measurements Stage 1

Hypnogogic Stage 2

Sleep spindles Stages 3 and 4

Delta waves REM (rapid eye

movement) sleep

Stages of Sleep

Sleep Deprivation 2/3 adults are not getting enough sleep Somniphobia-Fear of Sleeping Nomophobia REM rebound Alcohol and sleeping pills Effects

Attention drops Sustained attention (sleepy drivers cause 100K+ crashes)

Physical performance Visual-motor tasks

Mood The body suffers

Increased cortisol Decreased learning

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

4-11 days without sleep=craziness 4-11 days without sleep=craziness


How many stages of sleep are there?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D)6

How many stages of sleep are there?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D)6

The Function of Sleep Why do we sleep?

Evolutionary theory Restorative theory Facilitating learning

Dreaming What triggers particular dreams? Solving problems Why do we dream? Freud

Wish fulfillment Manifest content Latent content Try not to dream about something

Activation-synthesis hypothesis Editing neural connections Strengthening neural connections Goals and motivation (ex: stroke victims)


Manifest content is to latent content as ________.

A) obvious is to symbolic B) symbolic is to obvious C) wish is to fulfillment D) unconscious is to conscious E) sexual is to aggressive

Manifest content is to latent content as ________.

A) obvious is to symbolic B) symbolic is to obvious C) wish is to fulfillment D) unconscious is to conscious E) sexual is to aggressive


The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that ________.

A) dreams occur as a function of wish fulfillment B) dreams arise from random bursts of nerve cell

activity C) there is no logical explanation for why dreams occur D) we only dream when we are dealing or coping with

threat in our life E) dreams help to filter needless information from the

brain

The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that ________.

A) dreams occur as a function of wish fulfillment B) dreams arise from random bursts of nerve cell

activity C) there is no logical explanation for why dreams occur D) we only dream when we are dealing or coping with

threat in our life E) dreams help to filter needless information from the

brain

Sleep and the Brain The chemistry of sleep

Acetylcholine Sleeping pills block wake-up neurotransmitters Melatonin

Circadian rhythms Suprachiasmatic nucleus (registers changes in

light) Cortisol cycle 24 or 25 hours? Shift work (3 Mile Island)/planned naps


Your circadian rhythms impact (your) ________.

A) pulse rate B) metabolism C) blood pressure D) hormone levels E) all of the above

Your circadian rhythms impact (your) ________.

A) pulse rate B) metabolism C) blood pressure D) hormone levels E) all of the above

Troubled Sleep

Night terrors Nightmares Narcolepsy Insomnia Sleep apnea


Which two stages of sleep are referred to collectively as "slow-wave sleep"?

A) Stages 2 and 3 B) Stages 3 and 4 C) Stages 1 and 2 D) Stage 4 and REM sleep E) NREM and REM sleep

Which two stages of sleep are referred to collectively as "slow-wave sleep"?

A) Stages 2 and 3 B) Stages 3 and 4 C) Stages 1 and 2 D) Stage 4 and REM sleep E) NREM and REM sleep

HypnosisFocused awareness on vivid, imagined experiences and a decreased awareness of the external environment-Mesmer

Hypnotic induction Trance state

Generalized reality orientation fading Trance logic

Posthypnotic suggestion Possession Trance


Night terrors are most common for which group?

A) young girls B) young boys C) adolescent girls D) adolescent boys E) young adults

Night terrors are most common for which group?

A) young girls B) young boys C) adolescent girls D) adolescent boys E) young adults

Hypnosis Theories Trance theory Sociocognitive theory Evidence from neuroimaging--seeing colors Hypnosis as a tool for…

Anxiety Compulsive habits Asthma Stress Pain relief

Possession Trance

Meditation Religious traditions Types

Concentrative meditation Opening-up meditation Mindfulness meditation

Meditation Benefits Reduced tension and anxiety Decreased stress Decreased blood pressure Increased ability to fight infection

Meditation versus relaxation Biology of meditation


________ is an altered state of consciousness in which there is a focused awareness on vivid, imagined

experiences and decreased awareness of one's external environment.

A) Meditation B) Trance logic C) Absorption D) Hypnosis E) Hypnotic induction

________ is an altered state of consciousness in which there is a focused awareness on vivid, imagined

experiences and decreased awareness of one's external environment.

A) Meditation B) Trance logic C) Absorption D) Hypnosis E) Hypnotic induction


All of the following are types of meditation EXCEPT:

All of the following are types of meditation EXCEPT:

B) mandalian meditation C) concentrative meditation D) opening-up meditation E) mindfulness meditation

B) mandalian meditation C) concentrative meditation D) opening-up meditation E) mindfulness meditation

Drugs and Alcohol

Substance abuse Pattern of use leading to distress or

difficulty functioning in major life areas Use in dangerous situations Legal difficulties

Substance dependence Tolerance Withdrawal


a. Tolerance—the condition, resulting from repeated use, in which the same amountof a substance produces a diminished effect.b. Withdrawal—cessation of the use of a substance. Withdrawal symptoms are theuncomfortable or life-threatening effects that may be experienced during withdrawal.c. Larger amounts of substance taken over more time than intended.d. Unsuccessful efforts or a persistent desire to decrease or control the substance use.e. Much time is spent in obtaining the substance, using it, or recovering from itseffects.f. Important work, social, or recreational activities are given up as a result of thesubstance.g. Despite knowledge of recurrent or ongoing physical or psychological problemscaused or exacerbated by the substance, substance use continues.

Psychoactive Substances Depressants

Alcohol, barbiturates

Stimulants Cocaine, amphetamines

Speed, ecstasy Narcotic analgesics

Heroin Hallucinogens

LSD, marijuana Trips and flashbacks

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Biological effects Releases serotonin and prevents reuptake Damages serotonin receptors

Psychological effects Increased awareness and pleasure May cause depression

Depressants: Alcohol 60% of American adults drink alcohol

8% have alcohol abuse or dependence Biological effects

Depressant Disinhibition Hangover

Psychological effects Inhibitory conflict Alcohol myopia Sexual aggression Blackouts


Disinhibition is best described as:Disinhibition is best described as:

A) the inability to prevent a response B) the increased ability to exhibit a response C) the failure to exhibit an appropriate

response D) exhibiting a response incongruent with

what is expected E) the ability to prevent a response from

occurring

A) the inability to prevent a response B) the increased ability to exhibit a response C) the failure to exhibit an appropriate

response D) exhibiting a response incongruent with

what is expected E) the ability to prevent a response from

occurring

Stimulants: Cocaine-analgesic

Crack Euphoria -> Crash Decreases other pleasures

Other stimulants Amphetamines MDMA Caffeine Nicotine


High doses of what drug may cause the sufferer to exhibit symptoms similar to that of a

paranoid schizophrenic?

High doses of what drug may cause the sufferer to exhibit symptoms similar to that of a

paranoid schizophrenic? A) alcohol B) valium C) "downers" D) amphetamines E) narcotics

A) alcohol B) valium C) "downers" D) amphetamines E) narcotics

Narcotic Analgesics: HeroinNarcotic Analgesics: Heroin Biological effects

CNS depressant Psychological effects

Strongly addictive Pain relief Relaxation and euphoria

Severe withdrawal symptoms Other opiates

Morphine, codeine, Vicodin, Oxycodone

Biological effects CNS depressant

Psychological effects Strongly addictive Pain relief Relaxation and euphoria

Severe withdrawal symptoms Other opiates

Morphine, codeine, Vicodin, Oxycodone

Hallucinogens: Marijuana Most commonly used hallucinogen in

U.S. Biological effects

Cannabinoid receptors Appetite, memory, pain

Psychological effects Dependent on mood Euphoria, drowsiness, anxiety, panic

Medical marijuana Glaucoma Chemotherapy


All of the following illustrate the major criteria for substance abuse EXCEPT:

A) Staying at the bar after work and failing to show up to your child's birthday as a result.

B) Drinking at social events even though you normally do not drink.

C) Spending the night in jail for public intoxication. D) Calling in sick at work to spend the day doing

drugs. E) All of the above

All of the following illustrate the major criteria for substance abuse EXCEPT:

A) Staying at the bar after work and failing to show up to your child's birthday as a result.

B) Drinking at social events even though you normally do not drink.

C) Spending the night in jail for public intoxication. D) Calling in sick at work to spend the day doing

drugs. E) All of the above


Marijuana happens to classified as a(n) ________.

Marijuana happens to classified as a(n) ________.

A) narcotic B) analgesic C) hallucinogen D) stimulant E) depressant

A) narcotic B) analgesic C) hallucinogen D) stimulant E) depressant

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