Conrad Chau 4A (5) Herman Lai 4A (15) Content Page Introduction Tense (I)Present Tense (II)Past...

Conrad Chau 4A (5)

Herman Lai 4A (15)

Content Page• Introduction• Tense (I)Present Tense• (II)Past Tense• (III)Future Tense• Gerund• Participles• Conditional Sentences• Transitive and Intransitive Verbs• Antonyms and Synonyms• Proofreading• Conclusion• Feelings• Working Page• To go to the part you want, click on the words highlighted.

Introduction

• This PowerPoint tells you the use of English including tenses, gerunds and other grammar skills. It also got a proofreading exercise for all of you to try, so come on and try this PowerPoint out!!

The Present Tense

The Simple Present Tense :

It is used to show a habitual action or facts or universal truths.

The following page are some examples to show how the simple present tense is used:

ExamplesExamples

Habitual action

Example 1: John seldom does his homework correctly.Example 2: I usually have breakfast at 7:00am.Facts or universal truths

Example 1: The earth moves round the sun.Example 2: English is my favourite subject.

Remarks

• The bare infinitive should be used in Simple Present. If the subject is not I or you, the subject is at third person. If the subject is singular (for example, book, it, he, she) and third person, we have to add ‘s’ or ‘es’ of that verb. For example,Example 1: He does homework everyday.Example 2: He practises piano everyday.

The Present Perfect Tense

• Pattern: has/have + past participle

(For example, has done/has gone)

• It is used to show a past action whose time is not given or not definite. When we use Present Perfect, we intend more to show the result of the past action rather than the action itself. For example,

Examples

Example 1: I have read the instructions but I do not understand them.

Example 2: I have heard this story twice.

Remarks:

If the time of the past action is definite, we can never use present perfect tense. Instead, the simple past tense should be used. Moreover, present perfect tense is used with before, lately and recently etc. These words show indefinite time, for example,

•There have been a lot of changes recently.

The Present Perfect Tense

It is also used to show an action which happened within a period from a past time to the present time of speaking. Thus, it is used with since, for, yet and up to the recent moment, for example,

•Example 1: Peter has been in this company for 6 years.

•Example 2: 20 people have died as a result of food poisoning so far this year.

Present Continuous Tense

• Pattern: verb-to-be + “-ing” form.

• It is used when an action is happening at the time of speaking. For example,

Example 1: Look at how well the children are drawing.

Example 2: I am looking for my lost watch at present.

Present Perfect Continuous tense

• Pattern: has/have + been + “-ing” form

• It is used to show a continuous action which lasted from the past time to the present time of speaking and is suppose to go on in the future. For example,

Example 1: I have been waiting for you for 5 hours.

Example 2: Mr. Chua has been living in Hong Kong for more than 10 years.

This is the end of Present Tense, to go back to the Content, press these words!

The Simple Past Tense

• What is the Simple Past Tense used for?

• How are the structures like?

• Now let us have a look at it…..

The Simple Past Tense

• The Simple Past Tense is used to :• to show an action or event in the past

• to show past habits.

• The following page are some examples to show how the simple past tense is used:

ExamplesTo show an action or event in the past

Example 1: I saw a rabbit yesterday.

Example 2: They went to Macau last Sunday.

Example 3: The plane from Singapore arrived an hour ago.

Example 4: I met Pauline at the cinema last night. To show past habits.

Example 1: We liked to swim in the river when we were young.

Example 2: I used to play with my uncle in his office.

The Past Perfect Tense

• Pattern: had + past participle

• It is used when there are two actions, one happens earlier than other. We use Past Perfect for the first action and Simple Past for the second. For example,

Example 1: He had done his homework before he went to play.

Example 2: After they had had dinner, they returned home.

Past Continuous Tense

• It is used to show that someone was in the middle of doing something when another action happened or at a particular past time. For example,

• Example 1: We were singing in a low voice when someone suddenly broke into the room.

• Example 2: She was having lunch at 7 o’clock yesterday

Past Perfect Continuous Tense• It is used to describe an action began in the past

and continued up to the time of speaking or just stopped. Moreover, it is used to emphasize the continuation of an activity. For example,

Example 1: What had you been playing when mother phoned you.

Example 2: I had been studying for a long time so I was feeling hot and mad.

This is the end of Past Tense, to go back to the Content, press these words!

The Future Tense

• Pattern: will/shall + bare infinitive

• The simple future tense is used to • To show an action, which will happen later or sometimes

after now. It is usually expressed by shall (first person, however not commonly used nowadays) or will (second and third person and are used more commonly nowadays) plus a bare infinitive

• To express possible condition

• The following page are some examples to show how the simple future tense is used:

The Future Tense

Example 1: I will be a Form 5 student.

Example 2: What subjects shall we study?

Example 3: We will have an examination soon.

Example 4: My sister will be eighteen next year.

Example 5: I will not give any suggestions until you answer my questions.

(Under the condition that you answer the question).

Example 6: I shall answer your questions if they are not difficult.

(Under the condition that the questions are not difficult.)

Future Perfect Tense• Pattern: by /in + a time expression

( For example: by the end of the year )

• It is used to show an action that will be completed on or before a specific time in the future. For example,

• Example 1: By the time the party is over, the children will have gone to

sleep.

• Example 2: In two years time, I shall have taken my certificate

Future Continuous Tense

• It is used to show an action which will be completed on or before a specific time in the future and will continue from then onwards. For example,

Example 1: I will have been studying in Hong Kong Tang King Po College for

five years by the end of this term.

Example 2: Angela will have been living with Peter in New York a month

tomorrow.

This is the end of Future Tense, to go back to the Content, press these words!

Gerund• A gerund is a noun, formed by adding “ing” to a verb and

performs the functions as a verbal noun. Gerunds can be used as a subject, after possessive adjectives, after prepositions, after certain verbs and after some common expressions. Below are some information of the above thing.

1)1) As a subject, for example:

• Example 1: Smoking is now prohibited in cinemas

• Example 2: Reading is good for you.

2)2)After possessive adjectives:

• Example 1: Would you mind opening the window?

• Example 2: Your calling on us was welcomed.

Gerund

3) 3) After all prepositions:

Example 1: He insisted on paying the bill.

Example 2: I have given up smoking for a long time.

Example 3: I am used to reading at night.

Gerund

• For example:

Example 1: He suggested leaving at seven o’clock.

Example 2: I caught him stealing my money.

Example 3: We spent a month working on the project.

avoid enjoy practiseadmit finish proposeappreciate forgive prohibitacknowledgement imagine resistconsider keep riskcatch mention suggestdeny mind spend/waste (time)dislike postpone understand

4)4) After certain verbs such as the list below:

Gerund5)After common expressions

These are some examples for you:

Eg. 1: It/There is no use

Eg. 2: Is it any use?

Eg. 3: It/There is no good

Eg. 4: …feel like...

Eg. 5: ...be busy...Eg. 6: ...be worth...Eg. 7: ...cannot help...Eg. 8: ...cannot stand...

Below are some examples to show:Example 1: It is no good waiting here.Example 2: I cannot help crying over the bad news.Example 3: I feel like going to the beach today.

Gerund• However, in gerund there are cases where the use of

Gerund and Infinitives have different meanings.

(A) Stop + gerund: stop what one is doing.

(B) Stop + infinitive: make a break in order to do something else.

Example 1: The driver stopped examining the engine.

(=not to examine anymore)

Example 2: The driver stopped to examine the engine.

(=stopped the car so as to examine)

(C) Go on + gerund :continue what one has been doing.

(D) Go on + infinitive : change topic, move on to something.

Example 1: Please go on dancing, it is wonderful.

Example 2: He began cry describing the route and went on the tell us the cost of the trip.

Gerund

E) Try + gerund : make an experience; do something to see what will happen.

F) Try + infinitive : make an effort; attempt to do something difficult.

Example 1: I tried sending her presents but she did not respond.

Example 2: He tried to open the can but failed.

Gerund(G) Words such as remember, forget and regret followed by

gerund is to show what one has done or what has

happened.

(H) Words such as remember, forget and regret followed by

infinitives if we want to show what one has to more or is

going to do.

Example 1: I do not regret telling her the truth even if it may upset her.

(= I do not regret that I have told her the truth.)

Example 2: I regret to inform you that the application is successful.

(= I am going to inform you?)

Gerund(I) Verbs such as like, like, prefer, hate followed by a

gerund

if we want to express general cases.

(J) Verbs such as like, like, prefer, hate followed by an

infinitive if referring to particular occasions.

Example 1: I prefer having dinner at home.

(general preference)

Example 2: I prefer to eat apples today.

(particular case)

(K)Verbs such as allow, advise, forbid, permit followed by a gerund when there is no personal object.(L) Verbs such as allow, advise, forbid, permit followed by an infinitive when there is a personal object.

Example 1: We do not allow smoking in the hall.

Example 2: We do not allow people (personal object) to smoke here.

(M)Verbs such as need, require, want, deserve, want followed by a gerund as a passive meaning.

Example 1: My hair needs cutting. (=needs to be cut)

Example 2: The Garden needs watering. (=needs to be watered )

Gerund

Gerund

(N) Verb of preposition such as see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen, feel, smell followed by a gerund if we wish to emphasize an action that was going on at the time of perceiving.

Example 1: I heard him call (bare infinitive) me yesterday.

Example 2: Do you smell something burning (gerund)?

Example 3: He was hurt (passive) to say (infinitive) that he disagreed.

Gerund(O)Verbs such as make and let followed by a bare infinitive

and used in a passive form after bare infinitives should

be used.

Example 1: My boss made us work (bare infinitive) all

night.

Example 2: She was made (passive) to work (infinitive) all night.

Gerund

P) Bare infinitives used after had better, would rather, can not, but, can do nothing but.

Example 1: We could do nothing but wait.

Example 2: I would rather go home now

Gerund

• The following is a form of Gerund, remember this! It is very important:

Needn't + bare infinitiveNeedn't + somebody + bare infinitiveDo/Does/Did not need + infinitivesDo/Does/Did + somebody + need + infitives...?

This is the end of Gerund, to go back to the Content, press these words!

Participle

(A) A participle is a verbal adjective which

derives from a verb and performs the

function of an adjective.

Below are the uses of participle:(I) Participle Clauses can replace adjective clauses, the next page shows you the examples,

ParticipleExample 1: The train which is arriving at Platform 2 is

the 14:20 train for Lo Wu.

The train arriving at Platform 2 is the

14:20 train for Lo Wu.

Example 2: There were some students who were taking

Religious Studies in our class.

There were some students taking

Religious Studies in our class.

Participle (B) When two actions occur simultaneously, we can use a

participle clause to express one of them. For example,

Example 1: May stood at the bus stop and waited for a bus.

May stood at the bus stop waiting for a

bus.

Example 2: The Old Lady sat on the bench and watched the children play.

Sitting on the bench, the old lady

watched the children play.

The Old Lady sat on the bench watching

the children play.

Participle

(C)When two actions occur one after another, we can use a

participle clause to express the first action. Thus, it can be

used to replace an adjective clause of time.

Example 1: After he had done [active] his lesson, he

rushed to the playground.

Having done his lesson, he rushed to

the playground.

(continue)Example 2: After he had been accused [passive] of dishonesty, he decided to resign. Having been accused of

dishonesty, he decided to resign. Being accused of dishonesty, he

decided to resign. Accused of dishonesty, he

decided to resign.

Participle

Participle(D) Participle Clauses can replace adverb clauses of reason.

Example 1: As he feared [active], his father would

hit him, he ran away from home.

Fearing his father would hit him, he

ran away from home.

Example 2: Since she was scolded [passive] by her

mother, she cried bitterly.

Scolded by her mother, she cried

bitterly.

Having being scolded by her mother,

she cried bitterly.

Participle

(E) Participle Clauses can be placed after conjunctions on

prepositions.

Example 1: On hearing the news, she collapsed.

Example 2: In/While trying to open the can, I hurt myself.

Example 3: If travelling to Beijing, you must go to the Great Wall!

Example 4: Once taken, the drug has a deadly effect.

Participle

(F) It is essential that the subject of a main clause and

participle clause should be the same. A participle clause

can have its own subject which is different from the main

clause. Example 1: Being a fine day, we went swimming.

Example 2: It being a fine day, we went swimming.

Remarks: For some common expressions of participle clauses, their subjects need

not be the same as the main clauses.

This is the end of Participle, to go back to the Content, press these words!

Conditional sentences

• A conditional sentence is composed of a conditional clause and a main clause. The conditional clause expresses the condition and the main clause expresses the consequence of that condition.


(i) Zero Conditional sentences:

Definition: This pattern is to show a truth.

Pattern: [If clauses] + [Main clause]

(Simple Present tense) (Simple Present tense)

Example: If water is put into the freezer, it turns ice. [Conditional clause] [Main clause]


(ii) First Conditional sentences (Probable Condition):

Definition: This pattern is used to show a

condition which is likely to occur,

followed by a consequence.

Pattern: [If clauses] + [Main clause] (Simple Present tense) (Simple future tense)

Example (1): If it rains tomorrow, we shall cancel the picnic. [Conditional clause] [Main clause]

Example (2): You will succeed if you work harder. [Main clause] [Conditional clause]

Conditional sentences(iii) Second Conditional sentences (Improbable

Condition)

Definition: This pattern is used to show a

condition which is impression or

unlikely to occur in present or future

time.

Pattern: [If clauses] + [Main clause] (Simple Past tense) (Would or should + verb)

Example (1): If it rains tomorrow, we would stay at home.

[Conditional clause] [Main clause]

(We are not sure whether it will rain tomorrow

or not, but probably it will not rain.)

Conditional sentences(iv) Third Conditional sentences (Imaginary Condition):

Definition: This pattern is used to show a condition

which could not ever occur because it

refers to something which did not

happen in the past.

Pattern: [If clauses] + [Main clause] (Past perfect tense) (Would + verb)

Example (1): If I were you, I would not go with him. [Conditional clause] [Main clause]

(I am not you – impossible condition.)

Remarks: Remarks: ‘‘werewere’’ instead of instead of ‘‘waswas’’ is usually is usually

used for all persons to show the case used for all persons to show the case

is less probable.is less probable.

Conditional sentences(v) Fourth Conditional sentences (Impossible Condition):

Definition: This pattern is used to show some

impossible things. Pattern: [If clauses] + [Main clause]

(Past perfect tense) (Would or should + Present Perfect tense)

Example (1):If it had rain yesterday, I would have stayed at home. [Conditional clause] [Main clause]

(However it did not rain yesterday.)Example (2): If it had known of your arrival, I would have met you.

[Conditional clause] [Main clause]

(However I did not know of your arrival.)

Conditional Sentences(vi) Reconstruction:

Conditional sentences can begin with ‘Had’or

‘Were’.

Example (1): Had he seen you, he would have

helped you.

(= If he had seen you, he would

have helped you.)

Example (2): Were he here now, we would play

Mahjong.

(= If he were here now, we would

play Mahjong)

Other conditional words can be used instead of using if. Suppose, unless, even if, even though, but for, provided that, as long as, on condition that, should can also be used as ‘if’.

Can you think some more conditional

sentences words?

Conditional Sentences

This is the end of Conditional Sentences, to go back to the Content, press these words!

Transitive verbs, Prepositional Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

Difference between Transitive and Intransitive verbs:

(A) A Transitive Verb is a verb which takes an object while

an intransitive verb is a verb which takes no object.

Here are some examples:

accompany dread kick resembleawait enter kill stresschase exceed like suspectcomprise explain needconcern fear pitydemand hate punishdesire investigate regret


Prepositions are often mistaken and placed after transitive verbs.

Example 1: We have tried to contact with you.

Example 2: We have tried to contact you.

Example 3: We have tried to make contact with you.

Example 4: We doubted about what he said.

Example 5:We doubted what he said.

Example 6:We had doubts about what he said.


Prepositional Verbs :

A) Some verbs combine with particular prepositions

which rake objects to complete their meaning. It is

important for us to remember which prepositions go

with certain verbs.

B)Some intransitive verbs can become transitive by

adding particular prepositions after them.

C)A verb can combine with different prepositions to

have different usage and meaning. It is important

for you to remember the usage and meaning of

various combinations.


(continue) (D)Sometimes, a noun/pronoun/noun phrase may

go in between the verb and the preposition.

Example 1: I would like apply this post.

Example 2: I would like to apply for this post.

Example 3: The committee objected the proposal.

Example 4: The committee rejected the proposal.

Example 5: Her mother died.

Example 6: The girl smiled at me.


Example 7: I must apologize for my rude behavior. (=apologize to somebody)

I must apologize to her.

(=apologize to somebody)

Example 8: He shouted at the boy.

(=shout aggressively)

She shouted to the boy.

(= shout in order to call somebody.)

Example 9: He prevented me from entering his room.

Example 10: Let me explain my proposal to you.


• Phrasal Verbs• A Phrasal Verb is a verb which combines with a preposition

or an adverb particle to form special meanings. The sane verb can combine with different prepositions or adverbs forming different meanings. Phrasal Verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.

i)Sometimes, a Phrasal Verb can be separated with an object in between.

ii)However, if the object is a pronoun, it must not be placed after the preposition/adverb particle.

• Some transitive verbs can also combine with prepositions or adverbs to form Phrasal Verbs.


Example 1: Look out! The car is coming.

Example 2: Please look after the baby.

Example 3: We have decided to put off the party.

Example 4: We have decided to put the party off.

Example 5: He suffered from flu yesterday.

This is the end of Transitive verbs, Prepositional Verbs and Phrasal Verbs, to go back to the Content, press these words!

Synonyms and Antonyms

Word Synonyms Antonyms

absent away present

accept receive, take decline, reject

achievement acquirement failure

adequate enough, sufficient insuffiecient

advantage good, benefit disadvantage

affect influence ----------

allow permit, let prohibited

anxious worried, troubled calm

beautiful pretty, handsome ugly

better preferable, improved worse

buy perchased, get sell

Here are some Synonyms and Antonyms for you to learn.

carry on continue interrupted

cheerful happy, joyful sad

childish childlike grown-up

clean neat, tidy dirty

correct accurate, proper wrong

complicated complex, elaborate easy

compulsory necessarr, requred optional

confess admit, acknowledgement deny

confused puzzled clear

consistent constant erratic


dangerous harmful, risky save

deal with handle, cope with ----------

deep bottomless shallow

defence protection attack

delight joy, enjoyment sadness

desperate despairing hopeful

die pass away, expire live

difference constrast, disagreement similarities

essential necessary, important unimportant

expand enlarge, grow contract

expensive costly, high-priced cheap

fast quick, rapid slow

formal official unofficial

friend companion enemy

full filled, occupied empty


give in surrender, yield fight on

hard difficult, exhausting, solid soft, easy

huge enormous tiny

important significant, essential trivial

intelligent clever, smart stupid

interesting attractive boring

later afterwards, next earlier

love like, adore hate

mad crazy rational

mistake wrong, error, fault ----------

noisy loud quiet

normal usual, common, ordinary irregular, abnormal

optional elective, voluntary compulsory

ordinary common. Usual special


patient calm impatient

private personal public

rescue save, set free abandon

safe protected dangerous

sharp accute dull

start begin finish

still quiet, silient moving

temporary short permanent

thousands lots of, numerous few

useful helpful useless

wet moist dry

wrong mistaken right


This is the end of Synonyms and Antonyms

, to go back to the Content, press these words!

Proofreading

• With chickens, it is the mothers’job to lie eggs as well as to incubate them.

lay

Bare Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

lie lied lied

lie lay lain

lay laid laid

說謊躺下生蛋

Reason:Reason:

Proofreading

On Ancient Times, people believed that dreams were prophecies of the future.

In

ReasonReasonWe usually use ‘in’ before a period of time.

Did you ever tried to write down your dreams?

Proofreading

Have

ReasonsReasonsPresent Perfect Tense is usually used with word ‘ever’.

Elephant trunks help them find their way. Beside, elephant trunks act like our hands.

Proofreading

BesidesBesides

ReasonsReasons

•Beside means at the side of Something.

•Besides mean in addition and also.

The elephants trunks are like the taps with flow water.

Proofreading

flowingflowing

REASONREASON

‘Flowing’, the present participle of ‘flow’, is used as an adjective.

‘Flowing water’ means water that is flowing.

Proofreading

There are two mistakes in this sentence.

The major accidents happened to the

children in Hong Kong are injuries breaking

bones and burns.

happeninghappening

brokenbroken

Proofreading Continue

ReasonReason

1)happened happening

The participle clause can be used to replace the relative clause.

2)break broken

‘Broken’, the past participle of ‘break’, is used as an adjective. ‘Broken Bones’means bones which are broken.

Proofreading

They think that they will not been the

victims of the shark attacks.

After will, we should always give a bare infinitive (be).

bebe

ReasonReason

Proofreading

There have a lot of treasures in the pyramid.areare

ReasonReason

This is a kind of pattern that we should bare in mind. So, remember, do not make this wrong!!

Proofreading

Our Primary School affected by a guest

scared yesterday.

waswas

ReasonReason

Passive Voice should be used in order not to let the school affect itself.

Proofreading

Many centuries ago, the Egyptian Emperor

had the pyramid builded as their homes.

built

ReasonReason

There is no word of ‘builded’in English.

Proofreading

Other types of cancer includes brain

tumours, lymphoma and cancer of the

kidney, etc.

include

ReasonReason

As ‘types’ is a plural noun, we should use plural words (include) to make agreement.

Proofreading

Last year, three people were killed from shark attack.

ReasonReason

The following should be the pattern of the sentence Killed + in + an occasion (shark attack).

in

This is the end of Proofreading

, to go back to the Content, press these words!

Websites

• Here are some websites for you to go! Have a look!

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/index.shtml

• http://www.wespeakenglish.com/

• http://www.englishtown.com/default.asp?goto=%2FDefault%2Easp%3F

• http://www2.netvigator.com/learn/hkcee/index.html

• http://www.eslcafe.com/

• http://www.rong-chang.com/• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/pw/p_memo.html

ConclusionConclusion

This is just a simple introduction to the usage of English. It just introduces some basic grammatical concepts (e.g. tenses, conditional sentence, etc.), some vocabulary stuffs, some skills on doing exercises such as proof-reading and things like that. If you are going to improve your standard, you can do more exercises, read more books, write more in English, talk to foreigners. In fact, this is the only way to improve your English standard.

ConclusionThere is no real shortcuts and no endings in

learning english. So, do more and write more and remember “PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT”!!

Feeling of ConradFeeling of Conrad

This project makes me very very tiring. This PowerPoint has nearly a 100 pages and

unfortunately, we have nearly given this project more than 4 days in working (including not

sleeping) while preparing, typing, previewing and so on. In my opinion, this project makes me gain more ideas on the use of PowerPoint and I

also learn the fast speed of typing including using Chinese and English.

Feeling of ConradFeeling of Conrad

This project, however got one little problem. It has too little time on doing the project. One

month, although could be a lot of time, however, as the test is coming and as we are Form 4, we

got a lot of things to do including the homework load of everyday and things like that. Anyway, to conclude, I hope that Ms. Yuen and Mr. Chua

will get to know more in this PowerPoint and may God Bless them all!!

Feeling of HermanIn this project, I can learn more

skills about PowerPoint and the Grammatical Concepts of English to handle various kinds of questions, such as proof-reading, etc. However, I think that the time given should be longer because we have to do many other things apart from this project. You may say a month is already long enough, but for me, a person who do not have computer at home, is quite a difficult job.

Feeling of HermanI think the teacher should give me an extra

month more to complete the project. I think doing project is useless now. We do

not have so much time to do a project. On the other hand, we should prepare ourselves to prepare well for the HKCEE instead of doing other things which is not related to the HKCEE. I do think that the teachers should know how important the HKCEE is and I hope that this is the last project for my form 4 and form5 academic year, right???

Working page

• Our distribution of work is very even, these are the works that we have done:

• Conrad Chau (4A 5)

† Tenses (i) Past Tense (ii)Future Tense

† Gerund

† Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

† Antonyms and Synonyms

† Introduction

Working Page• Herman Lai (4A 15)

† Tense (i) Present Tense

† Participles

† Conditional Sentences

† Proofreading

† Conclusion

• Things that we done together:

-Front Page -Content -Feelings

-Working Page -End Page

-Proofreading of the PowerPoint

This is the end!

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