Connecting Science 1. 1. Theory connects to technology - industry – commerce – power 2. 2....
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Transcript of Connecting Science 1. 1. Theory connects to technology - industry – commerce – power 2. 2....
Connecting Science
1. Theory connects to technology- industry – commerce –
power2. Technology applied to travel
- application of science to travel, collection of data, and health
3. Theories apply in new Worlds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cWz9MrHskk
4. and, Britain ascendant
Looking further: geopolitical posturing
commercescientific query
“... farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go.”
James Cook(1728-79)
the EndeavourThe Endeavour
Three Voyages (1768-80)
• the Admiralty and the Royal Society sponsored jointly a scientific voyage to observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti
• search for the believed to be ‘great southern continent’, Terra Australis Incognita (looked for since the 16C)
• Scientists, artists, and chronometers – to determine longitude
• charted north pacific, killed in Hawaii
Consequences
• study ‘natives’ → uneasy relationships and misunderstanding
broke local customs bought venereal disease, alcohol and
guns
• new standards → extent and accuracy of his surveys natural history astronomy oceanography philology and much else new disciplines of
ethnology/anthropology
• protected crew → cleanliness and ventilation cress, sauerkraut, orange extract exacting science
Making the south pacific white
Why convicts?
Why transportation?
Why Australia?
Transportation
1. Many more men than women2. Property crimes >> personal injury3. Political prisoners4. All trades represented [including
architects]necessary to build a colony
5. Terrible corporal punishment
The ‘real’ Australiawasn’t empty
400+ indigine groups 250 languages
evidence to 40 000 BCE +
1/3 to 9/10 deathsResidential School
history1967 enumeration to
vote
North American Populations
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
1500 1800
Native
European
African
The Formation of Multicultural Societies• Gender imbalance
Europeans, Afro-Americans malenot celibaterelationships with native women
Casta paintings Attrib. José de Alcíbar, “De
Español y Negra, Mulato”, ca. 1760-1770, Mexico.
• Mestizo (mixed) societies formed• people of Spanish and native parentage• descendants of Spaniards and African slaves
(“mulattoes”)• descendants of African slaves and natives (“zambos”)
The Social Hierarchy
Race-based hierarchy
• Top: peninsulares
• Criollos (creoles)
• Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentage
• Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples
North American Societies
• higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South America
• social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African slaves
• fur traders have relationships with North American native women
métis
Gabriel Dumont (1836-1906) Red River Rebellion (NW) 1885
The Hacienda
• large estates produce products of European origin• wheat, grapes, meat
• Encomienda system of utilizing native labor force
rampant abuses 1520-1540
replaced by debt patronage
peasants repay loans with cheap labor
Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil• Sugar mill: engenho
• sugarcane to molasses, or refined to sugar for export
• low profit margins
• unlike Spanish system of forced native labor, Portuguese rely on imported African slaves• natives continually evaded Portuguese forces
• large-scale importing of slaves begins 1580s• working conditions poor: 5-10% die annually• approximately one human life per ton of sugar
Resistances
• Rebellion Taos, New Mexico
• 1680 Pueblo Revolt• 1780 Túpac Amaru rebellion
• half-hearted work
• retreat into mountains and forestsquilambo maroon communities
• Legal appeal to Spanish crown• 1,200 page letter of Guaman Poma de Ayala, 1615
• RevolutionFrancois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture (1743-
1803)
Classification: specieshumankind
Carl Linneaus (1707-78)
Homo africanusamericanusasiaticuseuropeansmonstrous
Conclusion
‘Science’ enables increased connections
Starts to be used to make sense of nature of contact
Self and other at home
Self and other away
Always under negotiation
‘Republic of letters’ means revolutionary ideas exchanged into the Atlantic and beyond, and there, race/ethnic difference inscribed on class issues from Europe