ConnecticutFor other uses, see Connecticut (disambiguation).Connecticut (i/kntkt/, k-NET-i-kt)[12]is thesouthernmost state in the region of the United Statesknownas NewEngland. Connecticut is alsooftengrouped along with New York and New Jersey as theTri-State area. It is bordered by Rhode Island to theeast, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west,and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capitalcityis Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport.The state is named after the Connecticut River, a ma-jor U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Theword Connecticut is derived from various anglicizedspellings of an Algonquian languages word for long tidalriver.[13]Connecticut is the third smallest state by area,[14]the29th most populous,[15] and the fourth most densely pop-ulated[14] of the 50 United States. It is known as theConstitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State,and theLandofSteadyHabits.[1]It was inuential inthe development of the federal government of the UnitedStates. Much of southern and western Connecticut (alongwith the majority of the states population) is part of theNewYork metropolitan area: three of Connecticuts eightcounties are statistically included in the New York Citycombined statistical area, which is widely referred to asthe Tri-State area.Connecticuts center of population isin Cheshire, New Haven County,[16] which is also locatedwithin the Tri-State area.Connecticuts rst European settlers were Dutch. Theyestablished a small, short-lived settlement in present-dayHartford at the conuence of the Park and Connecticutrivers, called Huys de Goede Hoop. Initially, half of Con-necticut was a part of the Dutch colony, New Netherland,which included much of the land between the Connecti-cut and Delaware rivers. The rst major settlements wereestablished in the 1630s by England. Thomas Hooker leda band of followers overland from the Massachusetts BayColony and founded what would become the ConnecticutColony;other settlers from Massachusetts founded theSaybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony. The Con-necticut and New Haven Colonies established documentsofFundamental Orders, consideredtherst constitu-tions in North America. In 1662, the three colonieswere merged under a royal charter, making Connecticuta crown colony. This colony was one of the ThirteenColonies that revolted against British rule in the AmericanRevolution.The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports alongLongIslandSoundhavegivenConnecticut astrongmaritime tradition, which continues today. The state alsohas a long history of hosting the nancial services indus-try, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedgefunds in Faireld County. As of the 2010 Census, Con-necticut features the highest per-capita income, HumanDevelopment Index (0.962), and median household in-come in the United States.[17][18][19]Although it is one of the wealthiest states in the US bymost economic measures,the income gap between itsurban and suburban areas is unusually wide.[20]1 GeographyFurther information: Geology of Connecticut andGeology of New EnglandConnecticut is bordered on the south by Long IslandSound, onthewest byNewYork, onthenorthbyMassachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The statecapital and third largest city is Hartford, and other majorcities and towns (by population) include Bridgeport, NewHaven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, NewBritain, Greenwich and Bristol. Connecticut is slightlylarger than the country of Montenegro. There are 169incorporated towns in Connecticut.The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain inSalisbury in the northwest corner of the state. The high-est point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts,and New York meet (42 3' N; 73 29' W), on the south-ern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby inMassachusetts.[21]The Connecticut River cuts through the center of thestate, owing into Long Island Sound. The most pop-ulous metropolitan region centered within the state liesintheConnecticut River Valley. DespiteConnecti-cuts relatively small size, it features wide regional vari-ations in its landscape; for example, in the northwesternLitcheld Hills, it features rolling mountains and horsefarms, whereas in the southeastern New London County,it features beaches and maritime activities.Although Connecticut has a long maritime history, and areputation based on that history, Connecticut has no di-rect access to the sea. The jurisdiction of NewYork actu-ally extends east at Fishers Island, where NewYork sharesa sea border with Rhode Island dividing Narragansett12 1 GEOGRAPHYBay. Although Connecticut has easy access to the At-lantic, betweenLongIslandSoundandBlockIslandSound, Connecticut has no direct ocean coast.Further information: List of Connecticut riversConnecticuts rural areas and small towns in the northeastand northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with itsindustrial cities, located along the coastal highways fromthe New York border to New London, then northward upthe Connecticut River to Hartford. Many towns centeraround a "green, such as the Litcheld Green, LebanonGreen (the largest in the state), and Wetherseld Green(the oldest in the state). Near the green typically standhistorical visual symbols of New England towns, such asa white church, a colonial meeting house, a colonial tavernor "inne, several colonial houses, and so on, establishinga scenic historic appearance maintained for both historicpreservation and tourism.Connecticut consists of temperate broadleaf and mixedforests. Northeastern coastal forests of oaks, hickories,and maple cover much of the state.[22] In the northwest,these give way to New England-Acadian forests of theTaconic Mountains.[22]Further information: List of Connecticut state forestsThe northern boundary of the state with Massachusetts ismarked by the Southwick Jog or Granby Notch, an ap-proximately 2.5 mile (4.0 km) square detour into Con-necticut.The actual origin of this anomaly is clearly es-tablished in a long line of disputes and temporary agree-ments which was nally concluded in 1804, when south-ern Southwick, whose residents sought to leave Mas-sachusetts, was split in half.[23][24]The southwestern border of Connecticut, where itabutsNewYorkState, ismarkedbyapanhandleinFaireld County, containing the towns of Greenwich,Stamford, New Canaan, Darien, and parts of Norwalkand Wilton.This irregularity in the boundary is the resultof territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminatingwith New York giving up its claim to the area, whose res-idents considered themselves part of Connecticut, in ex-change for an equivalent area extending northwards fromRidgeeld to the Massachusetts border as well as undis-puted claim to Rye, New York.[25]Further information: Connecticut panhandleAreas maintained by the National ParkService in-clude Appalachian National Scenic Trail, Quinebaug andShetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor, andWeir Farm National Historic Site.[26]Scenery upon Barndoor Hills in Granby in autumnWinter in East Haven1.1 ClimateMuch of Connecticut has a humid continental climate,with cold winters and warm humid summers. Far south-ern and coastal Connecticut has a more mild humid tem-perate/subtropical climate with seasonal extremes tem-pered by proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, warmer win-ters, and longer frost-free seasons. Most of Connecti-cut seesafairlyevenprecipitationpatternwithrain-fall/snowfallspread throughout the 12 months. Con-necticut averages 56% of possible sunshine (higher thanthe USA average), averaging 2,400 hours of sunshineannually.[27]Summer is hot and often humid throughout the state, withaverage highs in New London of 81F (27C) and 87 F(31C) in Windsor Locks. Although summers are sunnyin Connecticut, summer thunderstorms often bring quickdownpours and thunder and lighting. Winters are gener-ally cool to cold from south to north in Connecticut, withaverage January temperatures ranging from 38F (3C)in the coastal lowlands to 29F (2C) in the inland andnorthern portions on the state. The average yearly snow-fall ranges from about 5060 in the higher elevationsof the northern portion of the state to only 20-25 alongthe southeast coast of Connecticut. Generally, any locale2.1 Exploration and early settlement 3north or west of Interstate 84 receives the most snow, dur-ing a storm, and throughout the season.Early spring (April) can range from cool to warm, whilemid and late spring (May/early June) is warm to hot. Fallmonths are mild and bring colorful foliage across north-ern parts of the state (the southern and coastal areas havemore oak and hickory trees and fewer maples) in Octo-ber and November. During hurricane season, tropicalcyclones occasionally aect the region. Thunderstormsare most frequent during the summer, occurring on aver-age 30 times annually.These storms can be severe, andthe state usually averages one tornado per year.[28] Con-necticuts warmest temperature is 106 F (41 C) whichoccurred in Danbury on July 15, 1995; the coldest tem-perature is 32 F (36 C) which occurred in Falls Vil-lage on February 16, 1943, and Coventry on January 22,1961.[29]2 HistoryMain article: History of ConnecticutA map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies2.1 Exploration and early settlementThe name Connecticut is derived from anglicized ver-sions of the Algonquian word that has been translatedas long tidal river and upon the long river.[32] TheConnecticut regionwas inhabitedbymultipleNativeAmerican tribes prior to European settlement and col-onization, including the Mohegans, the Pequots, and thePaugusetts.[33] The rst European explorer in Connecti-cut was the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block.[34] After heexplored this region in 1614, Dutch fur traders sailed upthe Connecticut River (then known by the Dutch as Ver-sche Rivier Fresh River) and built a fort at Dutch Pointin what is present-day Hartford, which they called Houseof Hope (Dutch: Huis van Hoop).[35]John Winthrop, then of Massachusetts, received a com-mission to create a new colony at Old Saybrook at themouth of the Connecticut River in 1635.[36] This was therst of three distinct colonies that later would be com-bined to make up Connecticut. Saybrook Colony wasa direct challenge to Dutch claims. The colony was notmore than a small outpost and never matured. In 1644,the Saybrook Colony merged itself into the ConnecticutColony.[37]The rst English settlers came in 1633 and settled atWindsor, and then at Wetherseld the following year.[38]However, the main body of settlers came in one largegroup in 1636. The settlers were Puritans from Mas-sachusetts,led by Thomas Hooker. Hooker had beenprominent in England and was a professor of theology atCambridge. He was also an important political writer andmade a signicant contribution to Constitutional theory.He broke with the political leadership in Massachusetts,and, just as Roger Williams created a newpolity in RhodeIsland, Hooker and his cohort did the same and estab-lished the Connecticut Colony at Hartford in 1636.[39]This was the second of the three colonies. The thirdcolony was founded in March 1638. New Haven Colony(originally known as the Quinnipiack Colony[40]) was es-tablished by John Davenport, Theophilus Eaton, and oth-ers at New Haven.The New Haven Colony had its ownconstitution, The Fundamental Agreement of the NewHaven Colony, which was signed on June 4, 1639.[41]Because the Dutch were outnumbered by the ood of En-glish settlers from Massachusetts, they left their fort in1654.[42]Neither the establishment of the Connecticut Colony orthe Quinnipiack Colony was carried out with the sanc-tion of the English Crown, and they were independentpolitical entities.[43] They naturally were presumptivelyEnglish, but in a legal sense, they were only secessionistoutposts of Massachusetts Bay. In 1662, Winthrop tookadvantage of this void in political aairs and obtainedin England the charter by which the colonies of Con-necticut and Quinnipiack were united from the newly re-stored Charles II, who granted liberal political terms.[44]AlthoughWinthropscharter favoredtheConnecticutcolony, New Haven remained a seat of government withHartford until after the American Revolution.[45]Historically important colonial settlements includedWindsor (1633), Wetherseld (1634), Saybrook (1635),Hartford (1636), New Haven (1638), Faireld (1639),Guilford (1639), Milford (1639), Stratford (1639),Farmington (1640), Stamford (1641), and New London(1646).The Pequot War marked the rst major clash betweenEuropean settlers and Native Americans in NewEngland.With the Pequot people reacting with increasing aggres-sion to European settlers encroaching on their territory,settlers responded in 1636 with a raid on a Pequot vil-lage on Block Island. The Pequots laid siege to Saybrook4 2 HISTORYA 1799 map of Connecticut which shows The Oblong. FromLows Encyclopaedia.Colonys garrison that autumn, then in the spring of 1637raided Wetherseld. Colonists there declared war on thePequots, organized a band of militia and Native Ameri-cans, and attacked a Pequot village on the Mystic River,with death toll estimates ranging between 300 and 700Pequots. After suering another major loss at a bat-tle in Faireld, the Pequots asked for a truce and peaceterms.[46]View of New London in 18542.2 Colonial ConnecticutConnecticut developed a conservative elite that woulddominatecolonial aairs intheyears leadinguptothe American Revolution.[47]The forces of liberalismand democracy emerged slowly, encouraged by the en-trepreneurship of the business community, and the newreligious freedom stimulated by the First Great Awaken-ing.[48]With the establishment of Yale College in 1701, Con-necticut had an important institution to educate clergyand civil leaders.[49] Just as Yale dominated Connecticutsintellectual life, the Congregational church dominated re-ligious life in the colony, and by extension, town aairsin many parts.[50]The western boundaries of Connecticut have been subjectto change over time. According to the Hartford Treatywith the Dutch, signed on September 19, 1650, but neverratied by the British, the western boundary of Connecti-cut ran north from Greenwich Bay for a distance of 20miles[51][52] provided the said line come not within 10miles (16 km) [16 km] of Hudson River. This agreementwas observed by both sides until war erupted betweenEngland and The Netherlands in 1652. No other limitswere found. Conict over uncertain colonial limits con-tinued until the Duke of York captured New Netherlandin 1664.[51][52] On the other hand, Connecticuts originalCharter in 1662 granted it all the land to the South Sea,i.e. the Pacic Ocean.[53][54] Most colonial royal grantswere for long east-west strips. Connecticut took its grantseriously, and established a ninth county between theSusquehanna and Delaware Rivers, named WestmorelandCounty. This resulted in the brief Pennamite Wars withPennsylvania.[55]2.3 The American RevolutionConnecticut designatedfour delegates totheSecondContinental Congress who would sign the Declarationof Independence: Samuel Huntington, Roger Sherman,William Williams, and Oliver Wolcott.[56]In 1775, in the wake of the clashes between British regu-lars and Massachusetts militia at Lexington and Concord,Connecticuts legislature authorized the outtting of sixnew regiments, with some 1,200 Connecticut troops onhand at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775.[57]Getting word in 1777 of Continental Army supplies inDanbury,the British landed an expeditionary force ofsome 2,000 troops in Westport, who marched to Danburyand destroyed much of the depot along with homes inDanbury. On the return march, Continental Army troopsandmilitialedbyGeneral DavidWoosterandGen-eral Benedict Arnold engaged the British at Ridgeeld in1777.[58]For the winter of 177879, General George Washingtondecided to split the Continental Army into three divi-sions encircling New York City, where British GeneralSir Henry Clinton had taken up winter quarters.[59] Ma-jor General Israel Putnam chose Redding as the winterencampment quarters for some 3,000 regulars and militiaunder his command. The Redding encampment allowedPutnams soldiers to guard the replenished supply depotin Danbury and support any operations along Long IslandSound and the Hudson River Valley.[60] Some of the menwere veterans of the winter encampment at Valley Forge,Pennsylvania the previous winter. Soldiers at the Red-ding camp endured supply shortages, cold temperaturesand signicant snow, with some historians dubbing theencampment Connecticuts Valley Forge.[61]2.5 Civil War era 5The state was also the launching site for a number ofraids against Long Island orchestrated by Samuel HoldenParsons and Benjamin Tallmadge,[62] and provided menand material for the war eort, especially to Washing-tons army outside New York City. General WilliamTryon raided the Connecticut coast in July 1779, focusingon New Haven, Norwalk, and Faireld.[63] New Londonand Groton Heights were raided in September 1781 byArnold, who at that point had turned to the British.[64]2.4 EarlyNational PeriodandIndustrialRevolutionOn January 9, 1788, Connecticut ratied the U.S. Con-stitution, becoming the fth state.[65]Connecticut prospered during the era following theAmerican Revolution, as mills and textile factories werebuilt and seaports ourished from trade[66] and sheries.In 1786, Connecticut ceded territory to the U.S. govern-ment that became part of the Northwest Territory. Con-necticut retained land extending across the northern partof present-day Ohio, called the Connecticut Western Re-serve.[67] The Western Reserve section was settled largelyby people from Connecticut, and they brought Connecti-cut place names to Ohio. Agreements with Pennsylvaniaand New York extinguished the land claims by Connecti-cut within its neighbors, creating the Connecticut Pan-handle. Connecticut ceded the Western Reserve in 1800to the federal government,[67] which brought the state toits present boundaries other than minor adjustments withMassachusetts.The British blockade during the War of 1812 hurt ex-ports, and bolstered the inuence of Federalists who op-posed the war.[68] The cessation of imports from Britainstimulated the construction of factories to manufacturetextiles and machinery.Due in part to the inventions ofEli Whitney and other early innovators of the IndustrialRevolution, Connecticut would come to be recognized asa major center for manufacturing.[69]The state was known for its political conservatism, typ-iedbyitsFederalist partyandtheYaleCollegeofTimothy Dwight. The foremost intellectuals were Dwightand Noah Webster,[70] who compiled his great dictionaryin New Haven. Religious tensions polarized the state, asthe established Congregational Church, in alliance withthe Federalists, tried to maintain its grip on power.Thefailure of the Hartford Convention in 1814 hurt the Fed-eralist cause, with the Republican Party gaining controlin 1817.[71]Having been governedunder the "Fundamental Or-ders" since 1639,Connecticut adopted in 1818 a newconstitution.[72]2.5 Civil War eraMain article: Connecticut in the American Civil WarConnecticut manufacturers played a major role in supply-ing the Union forces with weapons and supplies during theCivil War. The state furnished 55,000 men. They wereformed into thirty full regiments of infantry, includingtwo in the U.S. Colored Troops, with several Connecticutmen becoming generals. The Navy attracted 250 ocersand 2100 men, and Gideon Welles was Secretary of theNavy. James H. Ward of Hartford was the rst U.S. NavalOcer killed in the Civil War.[73] Connecticut casualtiesincluded 2088 killed in combat, 2801 dying fromdisease,and 689 dying in Confederate prison camps.[74][75][76]Asurgeofnational unityin1861brought thousandsocking to the colors from every town and city. How-ever, as the war became a crusade to end slavery, manyDemocrats (especially Irish Catholics) pulled back.TheDemocratstookapeacepositionandincludedmanyCopperheads willing to let the South secede. The in-tensely fought 1863 election for governor was narrowlywon by the Republicans.[77][78]2.6 Second Industrial Revolution1895 map from Rand McNallyConnecticuts extensive industry, dense population, atterrain, and wealth encouraged the construction of rail-roads, starting in 1839. By 1840, 102 miles of line werein operation, growing to 402 in 1850 and 601 in 1860.[79]The NewYork, NewHaven and Hartford Railroad, calledthe New Haven or The Consolidated, became the dom-inant Connecticut railroad company after 1872. Startingin the 1890s J. P. Morgan began nancing the major NewEngland railroads, and dividing territory so they wouldnot compete. The NewHaven purchased 50 smaller com-panies, including steamship lines, and built a network oflight rails (electried trolleys) that provided inter-urbantransportation for all of southern New England. By 1912,the New Haven operated over 2000 miles of track, and120,000 employees.[80]6 2 HISTORYIn 1875, the rst telephone exchange in the world wasestablished in New Haven.[81]2.7 World War IWhen World War I broke out in 1914, Connecticut be-came a major supplier of weaponry to the U.S. mili-tary;by 1918, 80% of the states industries were pro-ducing goods for the war eort.[82] Remington Arms inBridgeport produced half the small-arms cartridges usedby the U.S. Army;[83] with other major suppliers includ-ing Winchester in New Haven and Colt in Hartford.[84]Connecticut was also an important U.S. Navy supplier,with Electric Boat receiving orders for 85 submarines,[85]Lake Torpedo Boat building more than 20 subs,[86] andthe Groton Iron Works building freighters.[87] On June21, 1916, the U.S. Navy made Groton the site for its EastCoast submarine base and school.The state enthusiastically supported the American wareort in 1917 and 1918, with large purchases of warbonds and a further expansion of war industry, and em-phasis on increasing food production in the farms. Thou-sands of state, local, and volunteer groups mobilized forthe war eort, and were coordinated by the Connecti-cut State Council of Defense.[88]Manufacturers wres-tled with manpower shortages; with American Brass andManufacturing running at half capacity, the federal gov-ernment agreed to furlough soldiers to join the Waterburycompany.[89]2.8 Interwar periodIn 1919, Henry Roraback started the Connecticut Light& Power Co.,[90] which would grow to become the statesdominant electric utility.In 1925,Frederick Rentschler spurred the creation ofPratt & Whitney in Hartford to develop engines for air-craft; the company would become an important militarysupplier in World War II and in time one of the three ma-jor manufacturers of jet engines in the world.[91]On September 21, 1938, the most destructive storm inNew England history struck eastern Connecticut, killinghundreds of people.[92] The eye of the Long Island Ex-press passed just west of New Haven and devastated theConnecticut shoreline between Old Saybrook and Ston-ington, which lacked the partial protection provided byLong Island, N.Y. to points west from the full force ofwind and waves. The hurricane caused extensive damageto infrastructure, homes, and businesses. In NewLondon,a 500-foot sailing ship was driven into a warehouse com-plex, causing a major re. Heavy rainfall caused the Con-necticut River to ood downtown Hartford and East Hart-ford. An estimated 50,000 trees fell onto roadways.[93]2.9 World War IIThe advent of Lend-Lease in support of Britain helpedlift Connecticut from the Great Depression,[94] with thestate a major production center for weaponry and suppliesused in World War II. Connecticut manufactured 4.1 per-cent of total U.S. military armaments produced duringWorld War II, ranking ninth among the 48 states,[95] withmajor factories including Colt[96] for rearms, Pratt &Whitney for aircraft engines, Chance Vought for ghterplanes, Hamilton Standard for propellers,[97] and ElectricBoat for submarines and PTboats.[98] In Bridgeport, Gen-eral Electric would produce a signicant new weapon tocounter opposing tanks: the bazooka.[99]On May 13,1940,Igor Sikorsky made an untetheredight of what was the rst practical helicopter.[100] Whilethe helicopter would see only limited use in World WarII, future military production would make Sikorsky Air-craft's Stratford plant Connecticuts largest single manu-facturing site by the start of the 21st century.[101]2.10 Post-WorldWarIIeconomicexpan-sionWhile Connecticut saw the loss of some wartime facto-ries following the end of hostilities, the state shared ina general post-war expansion that included the construc-tion of highways,[102] resulting in middle-class growth insuburban areas.Prescott Bush represented Connecticut in the U.S. Sen-ate from 1952 to 1963; his son George H.W. Bush andgrandson George W. Bush both would become presidentsof the United States.[103]In 1965, Connecticut ratied its current constitution, re-placing the document that had served since 1818.[104]In 1968, commercial operation began for the ConnecticutYankee Nuclear Power Plant in East Haddam; in 1970,the Millstone Nuclear Power Station would begin opera-tions in Waterford.[105]In 1974 Connecticut elected as governor Democrat EllaT. Grasso, who became the rst woman in any state to beelected governor in her own right.[106]2.11 Late 20th centuryConnecticuts dependence on the defense industry posedan economic challenge at the end of the Cold War. Theresulting budget crisis helped elect Lowell Weicker asgovernor on a third-party ticket in 1990. Weickers rem-edy, a state income tax, proved eective in balancing thebudget but politically unpopular, and Weicker did not runfor a second term.[107]In 1992, initial construction was completed on FoxwoodsCasino at the Mashantucket Pequots reservation in east-3.1 Race, ancestry, and language 7ern Connecticut, which would become the largest casinoin the Western Hemisphere. Mohegan Sun would followfour years later.[108]2.12 Early 21st centuryIn 2000, presidential candidate Al Gore chose as his run-ning mate Senator Joe Lieberman, marking the rst timea major party presidential ticket included someone of theJewish faith.[109] Gore and Lieberman fell ve votes shortof George W. Bush and Dick Cheney in the Electoral Col-lege. In the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, 65state residents were killed, mostly Faireld County resi-dents who were working in the World Trade Center.[110]In 2004, Republican Governor John G. Rowland resignedduring a corruption investigation, later pleading guilty tofederal charges.[111][112]In 2011 and 2012, Connecticut was hit by three majorstorms in just over 14 months, with all three causingextensive property damage and electric outages. Hurri-cane Irene struck Connecticut August 28 and damage to-taled $235 million.[113] Two months later in late Octo-ber, the Halloween nor'easter dropped extensive snowonto trees, resulting in snapped branches and trunks thatdamaged power lines, with some areas not seeing electric-ity restored for 11 days.[114] Hurricane Sandy had tropi-cal storm-force winds when it reached Connecticut Octo-ber 29, 2012.[115] Sandys winds drove storm surges intostreets, and cut power to 98 percent of homes and busi-nesses en route to more than $360 million in damage.[116]On December 14, 2012, Adam Lanza shot and killed 26people at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown,Connecticut, and then killed himself.[117] The massacrespurred renewed eorts by activists for tighter laws on gunownership nationally.[118]3 DemographicsThe United States Census Bureau estimates that the pop-ulation of Connecticut was 3,596,677 on July 1, 2014, a0.63% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[8]As of 2014,Connecticut had an estimated populationof 3,596,677,[8] which is an increase of 9,638, or 0.2%,from the prior year and an increase of 16,250, or 0.5%,since the year 2010. This includes a natural increasesince the last census of 67,427 people (that is 222,222births minus 154,795 deaths) and an increase due to netmigration of 41,718 people into the state. Immigrationfrom outside the United States resulted in a net increaseof 75,991 people, and migration within the country pro-duced a net loss of 34,273 people. Based on the 2005estimates, Connecticut moves from the 29th most popu-lous state to 30th.6.6% of its population was reported as being under 5years old, 24.7% under 18 years old, and 13.8% were 65years of age or older. Females made up approximately51.6% of the population, with 48.4% male.In 1790, 97%of the population in Connecticut was classi-ed as rural. The rst census in which less than half thepopulation was classied as rural was 1890. In the 2000census, it was only 12.3%. Most of western and south-ern Connecticut (particularly the Gold Coast) is stronglyassociated with NewYork City; this area is the most au-ent and populous region of the state. Eastern Connecticutis more culturally inuenced by the greater New Englandarea, including the cities of Boston and Providence. Thecenter of population of Connecticut is located in the townof Cheshire.[122]Connecticut Population Density Map3.1 Race, ancestry, and languageAs of the 2010 U.S. Census, Connecticuts race and eth-nic percentages were:77.6% White (71.2% Non-Hispanic White, 6.4%White Hispanic)10.1% Black or African American0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native3.8% Asian0.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacic Islander5.6% from some other race2.6% Two or more racesIn the same year Hispanics and Latinos of any race madeup 13.4% of the population.[123]The states most populous ethnic group, Non-HispanicWhite, has declinedfrom98%in1940to71%in2010.[124]Asof2004, 11.4%of thepopulation (400,000)wasforeign-born. In 1870, native-born Americans had ac-counted for 75% of the states population, but that haddropped to 35% by 1918.8 4 ECONOMYAs of 2000, 81.69% of Connecticut residents age 5 andolder spoke English at home and 8.42% spoke Spanish,followed by Italian at 1.59%, French at 1.31% and Polishat 1.20%.[128]The largest European ancestry groups are:[129]32%BritishIsles (17.9%Irish, 10.7%English,2.0% Scottish, 1.4% Scotch Irish)19.3% Italian10.4% German8.6% Polish6.6% French3.0% French Canadian2.7% AmericanConnecticut has large Italian American, Irish Americanand English American populations, as well as GermanAmerican and Portuguese American populations, withthe Italian American population having the second high-est percentage of any state, behind Rhode Island (19.3%).Italian is the largest ancestry group in ve of the statescounties, while the Irish are the largest group in Tollandcounty, French Canadians the largest group in Windhamcounty. Connecticut has the highest percentage of PuertoRicans of any state.[130] African Americans and Hispanics(mostly Puerto Ricans) are numerous in the urban areasof the state. Connecticut is also known for its relativelylarge Hungarian American population,the majority ofwhich live in and around Faireld, Stamford, Naugatuckand Bridgeport. Connecticut also has a sizable PolishAmerican population, with New Britain containing thelargest Polish American population in the state.More recent immigrant populations include thosefrom Jamaica, Guatemala, Haiti, Dominican Republic,Mexico, India, Philippines, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand,Indonesia, Brazil, Panama, Cape Verde andformerSoviet countries.[131]As of 2011, 46.1% of Connecticuts population youngerthan age 1 were minorities.[132]3.2 ReligionA Pew survey of Connecticut residentsreligious self-identication showed the following distribution of al-iations: Protestant 27%, Mormonism 0.5%, Jewish 1%,Roman Catholic 43%, Orthodox 1%, Non-religious 23%,Jehovahs Witness 1%, Hinduism 0.5%, Buddhism 1%and Islam 0.5%.[133] Jewish congregations had 108,280(3.2%) members in 2000.[134] The Jewish population isconcentrated in the towns near Long Island Sound be-tween Greenwich and NewHaven, in Greater NewHavenand in Greater Hartford, especially the suburb of WestMajority Racial and Ethnic Groups in Connecticut, 2010Hartford. According to the Association of Religion DataArchives, the largest Christian denominations, by numberof adherents, in 2010 were: the Catholic Church, with1,252,936; the United Church of Christ, with 96,506;andnon-denominational Evangelical Protestants, with72,863.[134]Recent immigration has brought other non-Christian re-ligions to the state, but the numbers of adherents of otherreligions are still low. Connecticut is also home to NewEnglands largest Protestant Church: The First Cathedralin Bloomeld, Connecticut located in Hartford County.Hartford is seat to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese ofHartford, which is sovereign over the Diocese of Bridge-port and the Diocese of Norwich.4 EconomySee also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita in-comeThe total gross state product for 2012 was $229.3 billion,up from $225.4 billion in 2011.[135]Connecticuts per capita personal income in 2013 was es-timated at $60,847, the highest of any state.[136] Thereis, however, a great disparity in incomes throughout thestate; after NewYork, Connecticut had the second largestgap nationwide between the average incomes of the top1 percent and the average incomes of the bottom 99percent.[137] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Mar-keting International, Connecticuthad the third-largestnumber of millionaires per capita in the United States,witharatioof7.32percent.[138]NewCanaanisthewealthiesttown in Connecticut, with a per capita in-come of $85,459. Darien, Greenwich, Weston, Westportand Wilton also have per capita incomes over $65,000.Hartford is the poorest municipality in Connecticut, witha per capita income of $13,428 in 2000.[139]Thestatesseasonallyadjustedunemployment ratein4.1 Taxation 9Connecticut state welcome sign in Eneld, ConnecticutEntering the Merritt Parkway fromNewYork in Greenwich, Con-necticutMarch 2014 was 7.0 percent, the 39th highest in thenation.[140]4.1 TaxationPrior to 1991, Connecticut had an investment-onlyincome tax system. Income from employment was un-taxed, but income from investments was taxed at 13%,the highest rate in the U.S., with no deductions allowedfor costs of producing the investment income, such as in-terest on borrowing.In1991, underGovernorLowell P. Weicker, Jr., anIndependent, the system was changed to one in whichthe taxes on employment income and investment incomewere equalized at a maximum rate of 4%. The new taxpolicy drew investment rms to Connecticut; as of 2014,Faireld County was home to the headquarters for 14 ofthe 200 largest hedge funds in the world.[141]As of 2014, the income tax rates on Connecticut individ-uals are divided into six tax brackets of 3% (on incomeup to $10,000); 5% ($10,000-$50,000); 5.5% ($50,000-$100,000); 6% ($100,000-$200,000); 6.5% ($200,000-$250,000); and 6.7% (more than $250,000), with addi-tional amounts owed depending on the bracket.[142]Allwages of Connecticut residents are subject to thestates income tax, even if earned outside the state. How-ever, in those cases, Connecticut income tax must bewithheld only to the extent the Connecticut tax exceedsthe amount withheld by the other jurisdiction. Since NewYork and Massachusetts have higher tax rates than Con-necticut, this eectively means that Connecticut residentsthat work in those states have no Connecticut income taxwithheld. Connecticut permits a credit for taxes paid toother jurisdictions, but since residents who work in otherstates are still subject to Connecticut income taxation,they may owe taxes if the jurisdictional credit does notfully oset the Connecticut tax amount.Connecticut levies a 6.35% state sales tax on the retailsale, lease, or rental of most goods.[143] Some items andservices in general are not subject to sales and use taxesunless specically enumerated as taxable by statute. Aprovision excluding clothing under $50 from sales taxwas repealed as of July 1, 2011.[143] There are no addi-tional sales taxes imposed by local jurisdictions. In Au-gust 2013, Connecticut authorized a sales tax holidayfor one week during which retailers did not have to remitsales tax on certain items and quantities of clothing.[144]All real and personal property located within the state ofConnecticut is taxable unless specically exempted bystatute. All assessments are at 70% of fair market value.Another 20% of the value may be taxed by the local gov-ernment though. The maximum property tax credit is$500 per return and any excess may not be refunded orcarried forward.[145] Connecticut does not levy an intan-gible personal property tax. According to the Tax Foun-dation, the 2010 Census data shows Connecticut residentspaying the 2nd highest average property taxes in the na-tion with only New Jersey ahead of them.[146]The Tax Foundation determined Connecticut residentshad the third highest burden in the nation for state and lo-cal taxes at 11.86%, or $7,150, compared to the nationalaverage of 9.8%.[147]As of 2014, the gasoline tax in Connecticut is 49.3 centsper gallon (the third highest in the nation) and the dieseltax is 54.9 cents per gallon (the highest in the nation).10 5 TRANSPORTATION4.2 Real estateOf home-sale transactions that closed in March 2014, themedian home in Connecticut sold for $225,000, up 3.2%from March 2013.[148] Connecticut ranked ninth nation-ally in foreclosure activity as of April 2014, with one ofevery 887 residential units involved in a foreclosure pro-ceeding, or 0.11% of the total housing stock.[149]4.3 IndustriesFinanceandinsuranceisConnecticutslargest indus-try, according to the U.S.Census Bureau, generating16.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2009. Ma-jor nancial industry employers include The Hartford,Travelers, Cigna, Aetna, Mass Mutual, Peoples UnitedFinancial,[150]Royal Bankof Scotland,[151]UBS[152]Bridgewater Associates[153] and GE Capital. Separately,the real estate industry accounted for an additional 15%of economic activity in 2009, with major employers in-cluding Realogy;[154] and WilliamRaveis Real Estate.[155]Manufacturing,the third biggest industry at 11.9% ofGDP, is dominated by Hartford-based United Technolo-giesCorporationorUTC, whichemploysmorethan22,000 people in Connecticut.[156] UTC subsidiary (soonto be Lockheed Martin subsidiary) Sikorsky Aircraft op-erates Connecticuts single largest manufacturing plant inStratford,[155] where it makes helicopters. Other UTCdivisions include UTC Propulsion and Aerospace Sys-tems, including the jet-engine maker Pratt & Whitney,and UTC Building and Industrial Systems.[157]Other major manufacturers include the Electric Boat sub-sidiary of General Dynamics, which makes submarinesinGroton;[158]andBoehringer Ingelheim, apharma-ceuticals manufacturer withits U.S. headquarters inRidgeeld.[155]Connecticut was an historical center of gun manufactur-ing, and, as of December 2012, four gun-manufacturingrms, Colt, Stag, Ruger, and Mossberg, employing 2,000employees, continued to operate in the state.[159] Marlin,by then owned by Remington, closed in April 2011.[160]A report issued by the Connecticut Commission on Cul-ture & Tourism on December 7, 2006, demonstrated thatthe economic impact of the arts, lm, history and tourismgenerated more than $14 billion in economic activity and170,000 jobs annually. This provides $9 billion in per-sonal income for Connecticut residents and $1.7 billion instate and local revenue.[161] Two casinos, Foxwoods Re-sort Casino and Mohegan Sun, number among the stateslargest employers;[162] both are located on Native Amer-ican reservations in the eastern part of Connecticut.Non-prot organizations register in Connecticut underthe local statutory provisions and therefore aect taxa-tion and governance mechanisms. For instance, the head-quarters of the Connecticut Food Bank are located inEast Hampton since early 1980s when the non-prot wasestablished.[163]Connecticuts agricultural sector employed about 12,000people as of 2010; with more than a quarter of that num-ber involved in nursery stock production. Other agricul-tural products include dairy products and eggs; tobacco;sh and shellsh; and fruit.[164]Oyster harvesting was historically an important source ofincome to towns along the Connecticut coastline. In the19th century, oystering boomed in New Haven, Bridge-port and Norwalk and achieved modest success in neigh-boring towns. In 1911, Connecticuts oyster productionreached its peak at nearly 25 million pounds of oystermeats. This was, at the time, higher than production inNew York, Rhode Island, or Massachusetts.[165] Duringthis time, the Connecticut coast was known, in the shell-shing industry, as the oyster capital of the world. Until1969, Connecticut laws enacted before World War I re-stricted the harvesting of oysters in state-owned beds tovessels under sail. These laws prompted the constructionof the oyster sloop style vessel to last well into the 20thcentury.[166]Hope, completed in Greenwich in 1948, isbelieved to be the last oyster sloop built in Connecticut.5 TransportationMain article: Transportation in ConnecticutMap of Connecticut showing major highways5.1 RoadsMain article: List of State Routes in ConnecticutTheInterstate highwaysinthestate areInterstate 95(I-95; the Connecticut Turnpike) traveling southwest tonortheast alongthecoast, I-84travelingsouthwest tonortheast in the center of the state, I-91 traveling north5.2 Rail 11to south in the center of the state, and I-395 travel-ing north to south near the eastern border of the state.The other major highways in Connecticut are the MerrittParkway and Wilbur Cross Parkway, which together formConnecticut Route 15 (Route 15), traveling from theHutchinson River Parkway in New York parallel to I-95before turning north of New Haven and traveling paral-lel to I-91, nally becoming a surface road in Berlin. I-95 and Route 15 were originally toll roads; they reliedon a system of toll plazas at which all trac stopped andpaid xed tolls. Aseries of terrible crashes at these plazaseventually contributed to the decision to remove the tollsin 1988.[167] Other major arteries in the state include U.S.Route 7 (US 7) in the west traveling parallel to the NewYork state line, Route 8 farther east near the industrialcity of Waterbury and traveling northsouth along theNaugatuck River Valley nearly parallel with US 7, andRoute 9 in the east. See List of State Routes in Connecti-cut for an overview of the states highway system.Between New Haven and New York City, I-95 is one ofthe most congested highways in the United States. Manypeople now drive longer distances to work in the NewYork City area. This strains the three lanes of trac ca-pacity, resulting in lengthy rush hour delays. Frequently,the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Park-way. The state has encouraged trac reduction schemes,including rail use and ride-sharing.[168]Connecticut alsohasaveryactivebicyclingcommu-nity, withoneofthehighest ratesofbicycleowner-ship and use in the United States. New Havens cyclingcommunity, organized in a local advocacy group calledElmCityCycling, is particularly active. According to theUS Census 2006 American Community Survey, NewHaven has the highest percentage of commuters who bi-cycle to work of any major metropolitan center on theEast Coast.A Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line train leaving StamfordStation5.2 RailSouthwestern Connecticut is served by the Metro-NorthRailroad's NewHavenLine, operatedbytheMetropolitanTransportationAuthority andprovidingcommuter service to New York City and New Haven,withbranches servicingNewCanaan, Danbury, andWaterbury. Connecticut lies along Amtrak's NortheastCorridor which features frequent Northeast Regional andAcela Express service. Towns between New Haven andNew London are also served by the Shore Line East com-muter line. A commuter rail service called the HartfordLine between New Haven and Springeld on AmtraksNew Haven-Springeld Line is scheduled to begin op-erating in 2016. Amtrak also operates a shuttle ser-vice between NewHaven and Springeld, Massachusetts,serving Wallingford, Meriden, Berlin, Hartford, WindsorLocks, and Springeld, MAand the Vermonter runs fromWashington to St. Albans, Vermont via the same line.5.3 BusStatewide bus service is supplied by Connecticut Tran-sit, owned by the Connecticut Department of Transporta-tion, with smaller municipal authorities providing localservice. Bus networks are an important part of the trans-portation systemin Connecticut, especially in urban areaslike Hartford, Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport and NewHaven. A three-year construction project to build a BRTbusway from New Britain to Hartford began in August2009.[169][170]5.4 AirBradley International Airport is located in WindsorLocks, 15 miles (24 km) north of Hartford. Regionalair service is provided at Tweed New Haven RegionalAirport. Larger civil airports include Danbury Munic-ipal Airport and Waterbury-Oxford Airport in westernConnecticut, and Groton-New London Airport in east-ern Connecticut. Sikorsky Memorial Airport is locatedin Stratford and mostly services cargo, helicopter and pri-vate aviation.5.5 FerryThe Rocky Hill Glastonbury Ferry and the ChesterHadlyme Ferry cross the Connecticut River. TheBridgeport &Port Jeerson Ferry travels betweenBridgeport, Connecticut and Port Jeerson, New Yorkby crossing Long Island Sound. Ferry service also op-erates out of New London to Orient, New York; FishersIsland, New York; and Block Island, Rhode Island.12 6 LAW AND GOVERNMENT6 Law and governmentSee also: Administrative divisions of ConnecticutHartford has been the sole capital of Connecticut sinceThe Connecticut State Capitol in downtown Hartford1875. Before then, New Haven and Hartford alternatedas capitals.[171]6.1 Constitutional historyMain article: History of the Connecticut ConstitutionConnecticut is known as the Constitution State. Whilethe origin of this title is uncertain, the nickname mayeither refer to the Fundamental Orders of 163839 orpossibly the Great Compromise (Connecticut Com-promise) of the 1787 Constitutional convention. TheseFundamental Orders represent the framework for the rstformal government written by a representative body inConnecticut. The government has operated under thedirection of four separate documents in the course ofConnecticut Constitutional History. After the Funda-mental Orders,Connecticut was granted governmentalauthority by King Charles II of England through the Con-necticut Charter of 1662.Separate branches of government did not exist during thisperiod, and the General Assembly acted as the supremeauthority. Aconstitution similar to the modern U.S. Con-stitution was not adopted in Connecticut until 1818. Fi-nally, the current state constitution was implemented in1965. The 1965 constitution absorbed a majority of its1818 predecessor, but incorporated a handful of impor-tant modications.The more likely source of the nickname ConstitutionState comes from Connecticuts pivotal role in the fed-eral constitutional conventionof 1787, duringwhichRoger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth helped to orches-trate what became known as the Connecticut Compro-mise, or the Great Compromise. This plan combinedthe Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan to form a bi-cameral legislature, a form copied by almost every stateconstitution since the adoption of the federal constitution.Although variations of the bicameral legislature had beenproposed by Virginia and New Jersey, Connecticuts planis the one that was in eect until the early 20th century,when Senators ceased to be selected by their state legis-latures and were instead directly elected. Otherwise, it isstill the design of Congress.6.2 ExecutiveThe governor heads the executive branch. Dan Mal-loy is the current Governor and Nancy Wyman is theLieutenant Governor, both are Democrats. Malloy, theformer mayor of Stamford, won the 2010 general electionfor Governor, and was sworn in on January 5, 2011. From1639 until the adoption of the 1818 constitution, the gov-ernor presided over the General Assembly. In 1974, EllaGrasso was elected as the governor of Connecticut. Thiswas the rst time in United States history when a womanwas a governor without her husband being governor rst.There are several executive departments: AdministrativeServices, Agriculture, Banking, Children and Families,Consumer Protection, Correction, Economic and Com-munity Development, Developmental Services, Con-struction Services, Education, Emergency ManagementandPublicProtection, Energy&Environmental Pro-tection, Higher Education, Insurance, Labor, MentalHealth and Addiction Services,Military,Motor Vehi-cles,Public Health,Public Utility Regulatory Author-ity, Public Works, Revenue Services, Social Services,Transportation, and Veterans Aairs. In addition to thesedepartments, there are other independent bureaus, ocesand commissions.[172]In addition to the Governor and Lieutenant Governor,there are four other executive ocers named in the stateconstitution that are elected directly by voters: Secre-tary of the State, Treasurer, Comptroller and AttorneyGeneral. All executive ocers are elected to four-yearterms.[171]6.3 LegislativeThe legislature is the General Assembly. The GeneralAssembly is a bicameral body consisting of an upperbody, the State Senate (36 senators); and a lower body,the House of Representatives (151 representatives).[171]Bills must pass each house in order to become law. Thegovernor can veto the bill, but this veto can be overriddenby a two-thirds majority in each house. Per Article XVofthe state constitution, Senators and Representatives mustbe at least 18 years of age and are elected to two-yearterms in November on even-numbered years. There alsomust always be between 30 and 50 senators and 125 to225 representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presidesover the Senate, except when absent from the chamber,when the President pro tempore presides. The Speakerof the House presides over the House.[173] As of 2012,13Christopher G. Donovan is the current Speaker of theHouse of Connecticut.Connecticuts current United States Senators are RichardBlumenthal (Democrat) and Chris Murphy (Democrat).Connecticut currently has ve representatives in the U.S.House, all of whom are Democrats.Locally elected representatives also develop Localor-dinances to govern cities and towns.[174]The townordinances often include noise control and zoningguidelines.[175] However, the State of Connecticut doesalso provide statewide ordinances for noise control aswell.[176]6.4 JudicialThe highest court of Connecticuts judicial branch is theConnecticut Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justiceof Connecticut. The Supreme Court is responsible for de-ciding on the constitutionality of the law or cases as theyrelate to the law.Its proceedings are similar to those ofthe United States Supreme Court, with no testimony givenby witnesses, and the lawyers of the two sides each presentoral arguments no longer than thirty minutes. Followinga court proceeding, the court may take several months toarrive at a judgment. The current Chief Justice is ChaseT. Rogers.In 1818, the court became a separate entity, independentof the legislative and executive branches.[177] The Appel-late Court is a lesser statewide court and the SuperiorCourts are lower courts that resemble county courts ofother states.The State of Connecticut also oers access to Arrest war-rant enforcement statistics through the Oce of Policyand Management.[178]6.5 Local governmentSee also: Administrative divisions of Connecticutand several lists: List of municipal-ities of Connecticut by population,List of towns in Connecticut, Listof cities in Connecticut, Borough(Connecticut), List of counties inConnecticutUnlike all but one other state (Rhode Island), Connecticutdoes not have county government. Connecticut countygovernments were mostly eliminated in 1960, with theexception of sheris elected in each county.[179] In 2000,the county sheri was abolished and replaced with thestate marshal system, which has districts that follow theold county territories. The judicial system is divided, atthe trial court level, into judicial districts which largelyfollowthe old county lines.[180] The eight counties are stillwidely used for purely geographical and statistical pur-poses, such as weather reports, and census reporting.Connecticut shares with the rest of New England a gov-ernmental institution called the New England town. Thestate is divided into 169 towns, which serve as the fun-damental political jurisdictions.[171]There are also 21cities,[171]most ofwhicharecoterminous withtheirnamesake towns and have a merged city-town govern-ment. There are two exceptions: City of Groton, whichis a subsection of the Town of Groton, and the City ofWinsted in the Town of Winchester. There are also nineincorporated boroughs which may provide additional ser-vices to a section of town.[171][181] One, Naugatuck, is aconsolidated town and borough.The state (with the exception of the Town of StaordinTollandCounty) is alsodividedinto15planningregions denedbythestateOceof PlanningandManagement.[182] The Intragovernmental Policy Divisionof this Oce coordinates regional planning with the ad-ministrative bodies of these regions. Each region has anadministrative body known as either a regional councilof governments, a regional council of elected ocials,or a regional planning agency. The regions are estab-lished for the purpose of planning coordination of re-gional and state planning activities; redesignation of logi-cal planning regions and promotion of the continuation ofregional planning organizations within the state; and pro-vision for technical aid and the administration of nancialassistance to regional planning organizations.[182]7 PoliticsFurther information: Political party strength in Connecti-cut and Elections in ConnecticutConnecticut political party registration 19582012 marked withpresidential inuence7.1 Registered votersConnecticut residents who register to vote have the op-tion of declaring an aliation to a political party, maybecome unaliated at will, and may change aliationssubject to certain waiting periods. As of 2013 about 58%14 7 POLITICSof registered voters are enrolled (about 1% total in 18third parties minor parties), and ratios among unaliatedvoters and the two major parties are about 8 unaliatedfor every 7 in the Democratic Party of Connecticut andfor every 4 in the Connecticut Republican Party.(Amongtheminorparties, theLibertarianPartyandIndependent Party appeared in the Presidential-electorscolumnin2012, anddrew, respectively, 0.81%and0.35% of the vote.)Many Connecticut towns show a marked preference formoderate candidates of either party.7.2 Political oceElections in Connecticut take place mostly at the levels oftown and/or city, state legislative districts for both houses,Congressional districts, and statewide. In almost all races,the two major parties have some practicaladvantagesgranted on the basis of their respective performances inthe most recent election covering the same constituency.Several processes, to varying degrees internal to either amajor or minor party, are in practice nearly prerequisitesto being permitted mention on the provided ballots, andeven more so to winning oce.More specically, the status of major party is usuallyreconrmed every four years, as belonging to the two par-ties that polled best, statewide, in the gubernatorial col-umn; this status includes the benet of appearing in oneof the top two rows on the ballot provided the party hasat least one candidate on the ballot. Minor parties ap-pear below major parties, and their performance in re-cent elections determines whether a candidates who winsin their nomination process must also meet a petitioningthreshold in order to appear.In a major party, a party convention for the oces con-stituency must be held; in practice, at the town level, amajor party convention of voters of the town who are en-rolled in the party usually is attended almost exclusivelyby members of the town party committee. The conven-tion may choose to endorse a candidate, who will appearon the ballot unless additional candidates meet a petitionthreshold for a primary election; if at least one candidatemeets the petition threshold, the endorsed candidate andall who meet the threshold appear on the primary ballot,and the winner of the primary election appears on theparty line for that oce.A candidate wishing to run on the ballot line of a minor-party which has recently enough met a general-electionvote threshold follows similar steps; candidates of otherminor parties must meet petition thresholds, and if othercandidates of the same party, for the same oce, do soas well, only the winner of a resulting primary will appearon the ballot.Campaigns by candidates not on the ballot generally areentirely symbolic, and while any voter can cast a write-inballot, write-in ballots are not even tallied by election of-cials, except for candidates who have submitted a formalrequest that the tally be made.In short, most winning candidates have won the endorse-ment of the applicablemajor-party convention; nearlyall of the rest have won with a professionally managedprimary-election campaign; and successful minor-partycandidates are almost without exception major-party g-ures like Lowell Weicker whose minor parties disappearafter that success. (A Connecticut Party, which Weickerfounded, became nominally the leading major party, andstate law was changed during his administration to pro-vide that in a situation such as his win, the top three partiesin the governors race all became major parties.Chris Murphy and Richard Blumenthal are ConnecticutsU.S. senators; both are Democrats.7.3 Republican areasThe suburban towns of New Canaan and Darien in Fair-eld County are considered the most Republican areas inthe state. Westport, a wealthy town a few miles to theeast, is often considered one of the most loyally Demo-cratic,liberal towns in Faireld County. The histori-cally Republican-leaning wealthy town of Wilton votedin the majority for Barack Obama in the 2008 Presiden-tial Election. Norwalk and Stamford, two larger, mixed-income communities in Faireld County, have in manyelections favored moderate Republicans including for-mer Governor John G. Rowland and former Congress-man Chris Shays, however they have favored Democratsin recent US presidential election years, with Shays beingdefeated by Democrat Jim Himes in the 2008 election.The states Republican-leaning areas are the ruralLitcheld County and adjoining towns in the west ofHartford County, the industrial towns of the NaugatuckRiver Valley, and some of the auent Faireld Countytowns near the New York border.Joe Liebermans predecessor, Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., wasthe last Connecticut Republican to serve as Senator. We-icker was known as a liberal Republican. He broke withPresident Richard Nixon during Watergate and success-fully ran for governor in 1990 as an independent, creatingA Connecticut Party as his election vehicle. Before We-icker, the last Republican to represent Connecticut in theSenate was Prescott Bush, the father of former PresidentGeorge H.W. Bush and the grandfather of former Presi-dent George W. Bush. He served 195363.7.4 Democratic areasWaterbury has a Democratic registration edge, but usu-allyfavorsconservativecandidatesofbothtraditionalparties. In Danbury unaliated voters outnumber vot-ers registered with either major party. Other smaller8.3 Colleges and universities 15cities includingMeriden, NewBritain, NorwichandMiddletown favor Democratic candidates.As of 2011, Democrats controlled all ve federal con-gressional seats. The remaining Republican, Chris Shays,lost his seat to Democrat Jim Himes in the CongressionalElection in 2008.7.5 VotingIn April 2012 both houses of the Connecticut state legis-lature passed a bill (20 to 16 and 86 to 62) that abolishedthe capital punishment for all future crimes, while 11 in-mates who were waiting on the death rowat the time couldstill be executed.[185]In July 2009 the Connecticut legislature overrode a vetoby Governor M. Jodi Rell to pass SustiNet, the rst sig-nicant public-option health care reformlegislation in thenation.[186]8 Education8.1 K-12See also: Connecticut State Board of EducationThe Connecticut State Board of Education manages thepublic school system for children in grades K-12. Boardof Education members are appointed by the Governor ofConnecticut. Statistics for each school are made avail-abletothepublicthroughanonlinedatabasesystemcalled CEDAR.[187] The CEDAR database also pro-vides statistics for ACES or RESC schools for chil-dren with behavioral disorders.[188]8.2 Private schoolsSee also: Country Day School movementAcademy of Our Lady of Mercy,Lauralton Hall(1905)Avon Old Farms School (1927)Bridgeport International Academy (1997)Brunswick School (1902)Cheshire Academy (1794)Choate Rosemary Hall (1890)East Catholic High School (1961)Ethel Walker School (1911)Faireld Country Day School (1936)Faireld College Preparatory School (1942)Greens Farms Academy (1925)Greenwich Country Day School (1926)Hopkins School (1660)Kingswood-Oxford School (1909)Miss Porters School (1843)New Canaan Country School (1916)Northwest Catholic High School (1961)Norwich Free Academy (1854)Notre Dame Catholic High School (1955)Notre Dame High School (1946)Pomfret School (1894)Saint Bernard School (1956)The Taft School (1890)Watkinson SchoolWestminster School (Connecticut)Westover School (1909)Xavier High School (1963)8.3 Colleges and universitiesConnecticut was home to the nations rst law school,LitcheldLawSchool, whichoperatedfrom1773to1833 in Litcheld. Hartford Public High School (1638) isthe third-oldest secondary school in the nation after theCollegiate School (1628) in Manhattan and the BostonLatin School (1635).8.3.1 PrivateYale University (1701)[189]Trinity College (1823)Wesleyan University (1831)University of Hartford (1877)Post University (1890)Connecticut College (1911)United States Coast Guard Academy (1915)University of New Haven (1920)University of Bridgeport (1927)Albertus Magnus College (1925)16 9 SPORTSQuinnipiac University (1929)Mitchell College (1938)Faireld University (1942)Sacred Heart University (1963)8.3.2 Public universitiesSee also: Connecticut State University SystemCentral Connecticut State University (1849)University of Connecticut (1881)[190]Eastern Connecticut State University (1889)Southern Connecticut State University (1893)Western Connecticut State University (1903)Charter Oak State College (1973)8.3.3 Public community collegesCapital Community College (1946)[191]Norwalk Community College (1961)[192]Manchester Community College (1963)[193]Naugatuck Valley Community College (1964)[194]Northwestern Connecticut Community College(1965)[195]Middlesex Community College (1966)[196]Housatonic Community College (1967)[197]Gateway Community College (1968)[198]Asnuntuck Community College (1969)[199]Tunxis Community College (1969)[200]Quinebaug Valley Community College (1971)[201]Three Rivers Community College (1992)[202]The state also has many noted private day schools, and itsboarding schools draw students from around the world.See also: List of school districts in Connecticut9 Sports9.1 Professional sportsConnecticut has been the home of multiple teams in thebig four sports leagues, though currently hosts none.9.1.1 NHLSee also: Professional ice hockey in ConnecticutConnecticuts longest-tenured and only modern full-timebig four franchise were the Hartford Whalers of theNational Hockey League, who played in Hartford from1975 to 1997 at the Hartford Civic Center. Their de-parture to Raleigh, North Carolina, over disputes withthe state over the construction of a new arena, causedgreat controversy and resentment. The former Whalersare now known as the Carolina Hurricanes.Presently, there are two Connecticut teams in theAmerican Hockey League: the Bridgeport Sound Tigers,a farm team for the New York Islanders, compete at theWebster Bank Arena in Bridgeport and the Hartford WolfPack, the aliate of the New York Rangers, play in theXL Center in Hartford.9.1.2 MLBThe Hartford Dark Blues joined the National League forone season in 1876, making them the states only majorleague baseball franchise,before moving to Brooklyn,New York and then disbanding one season later.Connecticut is a battleground between fans of the NewYork Yankees, Boston Red Sox, and NewYork Mets.[203]For the Mets and Red Sox, split allegiances among fansof both teams in the state during the 1986 World Seriesled to an article in The Boston Globe to coin the phraseRed Sox Nation.[204]9.1.3 NFLIn 1926, Hartford had a franchise in the National FootballLeague known as the Hartford Blues. The NFL would re-turn to Connecticut from 1973 to 1974 when New Havenhosted the New York Giants at Yale Bowl while GiantsStadium was under construction.[205]9.1.4 NBAFrom 1975 to 1995, the Boston Celtics of the NationalBasketball Association played a number of home gamesat the Hartford Civic Center.9.1.5 Other pro sportsThe Connecticut Sun of the WNBA currently play at theMohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville. From 1996 to 1998,Connecticut was home to another professional womansbasketball team, American Basketball League franchisethe New England Blizzard, who played at the XL Center.17Hartford has hosted two Arena Football League fran-chises, in the Connecticut Coyotes from 1995 to 1996and the New England Sea Wolves from 1999 to 2000,both playing at the Civic Center.Hartford was home tothe Hartford Colonials of the United Football League forone season in 2010.Thestatehostsseveral majorsportingevents. Since1952, a PGA Tour golf tournament has been played inthe Hartford area. Originally called the Insurance CityOpen and later the Greater Hartford Open, the eventis now known as the Travelers Championship. The PilotPen Tennis tournament is held annually in the Cullman-Heyman Tennis Center at Yale University in New Haven.Lime Rock Park in Salisbury is a 1.5-mile road racingcourse, home to American Le Mans Series, Grand-AmRolex Sports Car Series, SCCA and NASCAR CampingWorld East Series races. Thompson International Speed-way, Staord Motor Speedway and Waterford Speedbowlare oval tracks holding weekly races for NASCAR Mod-ieds and other classes, including the NASCAR WhelenModied Tour.Lime Rock a home of the American Le Mans tournament9.2 Current professional sports teams9.3 Amateur sportsThe Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference(CIAC) is the states sanctioning body for high schoolsports.9.3.1 College sportsThe UConn Huskies play NCAA Division I sports andare popular in the state. Both the mens basketball andwomens basketballteams have won multiple nationalchampionships, including in 2004, when UConn becamethe rst school in NCAA Division I history to have itsmens and womens basketball programs win the nationaltitle in the same year. In 2014, UConn repeated its feat ofbeing the only school in NCAA Division I to win mensand womens basketball tournaments in the same year.Yale Bowl during "The Game" between Yale and Harvard. TheBowl was also the home of the NFL's New York Giants in 197374.The UConn womens basketball teamholds the record forthe longest consecutive winning streak in NCAA collegebasketball at 90 games, a streak that ended in 2008. TheUConn Huskies football team has played in the FootballBowl Subdivision since 2002, and has played in four bowlgames since.New Haven biennially hosts "The Game" between Yaleand Harvard, the countrys second-oldest college footballrivalry. Yale alum Walter Camp, deemed the Fatherof American Football, helped develop modern footballwhile living in New Haven.[206]Other Connecticut universities which feature Division Isports teams are Quinnipiac University, Faireld Univer-sity, Central Connecticut State University, Sacred HeartUniversity, and the University of Hartford.10 Etymology and symbolsThe name Connecticut originates from the Moheganword quonehtacut, meaning place of long tidalriver.[171]Connecticuts ocial nickname, adopted in1959, is The Constitution State, based on its colonialconstitution of 163839 which was the rst in Americaand, arguably, the world.[1] Unocially (but popularly)Connecticut is also known as The Nutmeg State.[1] TheoriginsofthenutmegconnectiontoConnecticut areunknown. It may have come from its sailors returningfrom voyages with nutmeg (which in the 18th and 19thcenturies was a very valuable spice). It may have orig-inated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinderssold by early Connecticut peddlers.It is also facetiouslysaid to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticutwho would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped tolook like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers.[2] GeorgeWashington gave Connecticut the title of The ProvisionsState[1] because of the material aid the state rendered tothe American Revolutionary War eort. Connecticut isalso known as The Land of Steady Habits.[1]According to Websters New InternationalDictionary,1993, a person who is a native or resident of Connecti-18 12 SEE ALSOThe Charter OakThe USS Nautilus (SSN-571)cut is a Connecticuter. There are numerous other termscoined in print, but not in use, such as: Connecticotian Cotton Mather in 1702. Connecticutensian SamuelPeters in 1781. "Nutmegger" is sometimes used,[2] asis "Yankee" (the ocial state song is "Yankee Doodle"),though this usually refers someone from the wider NewEngland region (and in the Southern United States, toanyone who lives north of the MasonDixon line). Lin-guist Allen Walker Read reports a more playful term,'connecticutie.' The traditional abbreviation of the statesname is Conn.;" the ocial postal abbreviation is CT.Commemorativestamps issuedbytheUnitedStatesPostal Service with Connecticut themes include NathanHale, Eugene O'Neill, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Noah Web-ster, Eli Whitney, the whaling ship the Charles W. Mor-gan which is docked in Mystic Seaport, and a decoy of abroadbill duck.11 Notable peopleMain article: List of people from ConnecticutGeorge H.W. Bush, the 41st president of the UnitedStates, who grew up in Greenwich[209] a member ofthe Bush political family, with roots in the state ex-tending three generations.George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the UnitedStates, was born in New Haven.[210]Charles Dow, founder of the Wall Street Journal andDow Jones.[211]Katharine Hepburn, named by the American FilmInstitute as the greatest female star in Hollywoodhistory.[212]J.P. Morgan, nancier and philanthropist who dom-inated a period of industrial consolidation and in-tervenedinmultipleeconomicpanicsduringhistime.[213]Jackie Robinson, who broke baseballs color line,contributing signicantly to the Civil Rights Move-ment.[214]Igor Sikorsky, who created and ew the rst practi-cal helicopter.[215]Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose novel UncleTomsCabin (1852) energized anti-slavery forces in theAmerican North.[216]Meryl Streep,who holds the record for the mostAcademy Awards nominations for acting.[217]Mark Twain resided in his innovative Hartford homefrom 1871 until 1891, during which time he pub-lished The Adventures of Tom Sawyer andThe Ad-ventures of Huckleberry Finn.He lived in Reddingfrom 1908 until his death in 1910.[218]Noah Webster was born in Hartford in an area that isnow part of West Hartford and was the author of theBlue Backed Speller, now known as Websters Dictio-nary. The Speller was used to teach spelling to vegenerations of Americans.[219]Eli Whitney, best known for inventing the cottongin, which shaped the economy of the AntebellumSouth; and promoting the design of interchangeableparts in production, a major development leading tothe Industrial Revolution.[220]12 See alsoIndex of Connecticut-related articlesOutline of Connecticut organized list of topicsabout ConnecticutNational Register of Historic Places listings in Con-necticut1913 References[1] Sites, Seals & Symbols. SOTS. The Government ofConnecticut. Retrieved June 12, 2008.[2] Connecticuts Nicknames. Connecticut State Library.Retrieved September 15, 2011.[3] Style Manual. U.S. Government Printing Oce. 2000.5.23.[4] connect. Merriam-Webster Online.[5] US State Resident' Names. eReference Desk.[6] Population Estimates for All Places: 2000 to 2006: Con-necticut SUB-EST2006-04-09.xls.United States CensusBureau. Retrieved October 16, 2007.[7] State Data from the State and Metropolitan Area DataBook: 2006. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oc-tober 16, 2007.[8] Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Populationfor the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico:April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 (CSV). U.S. Census Bu-reau. January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015.[9] http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_5YR/S1901/0400000US09[10] Elevations and Distances in the United States. UnitedStates Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved October 21,2011.[11] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of1988.[12] Connecticut - Denitions from Dictionary.com.Archivedfromthe original onNovember 18, 2010.Retrieved September 17, 2007.[13] Trumbull,James Hammond (1881). IndianNamesofPlaces, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: WithInterpretations of Some of Them. Press of the Case, Lock-wood & Brainard Company. p. 60.[14] http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf Ta-ble 18. Area Measurements: 2010; and Population andHousing Unit Density: 1990 to 2010, U.S. Census Bu-reau, September 2012, United States Summary 41. Re-trieved May 16, 2014.[15] http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf Ta-ble 19. Population by Urban and Rural and Type of Ur-ban Area: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau, September 2012,United States Summary 42. Retrieved May 16, 2014.[16] State of Connecticut Center of Population - Fromngs.noaa.gov.Archived from the original on November18, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2009.[17] Ohlemacher,Stephen (November 29,2005). Highestwages in East, lowest in South. USA Today. Archivedfrom the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved April30, 2010.[18] Census 2000. United States Census Bureau. March 18,2000. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010.[19] US slips down development index. BBC. July 17, 2008.Archived from the original on November 18, 2010.[20] Income Gap in Connecticut Is Growing Fastest, StudyFinds. The New York Times. April 9, 2008.[21] Mount Frissell-South Slope, Connecti-cut/Massachusetts. Peakbagger.com.[22] Olson;D. M; E. Dinerstein et al. (2001). TerrestrialEcoregions of the World: ANewMapof Life onEarth. BioScience 51 (11): 933938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010.[23] The Southwick Jog (PDF). Archived from the originalon April 16, 2010.[24] Connecticuts Southwick Jog. Connecticut State Li-brary. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010.[25] Connecticuts Panhandle"". Connecticut State Library.Archived from the original on November 18, 2010.[26] Connecticut. National Park Service. Retrieved July 15,2008.[27] United States annual sunshine map. HowStuWorks.Retrieved March 15, 2011.[28] Annual average number of tornadoes (GIF).NOAANational Climatic Data Center. Retrieved October 24,2006.[29] All-Time Climate Extremes for CT.National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 18,2011.[30] Monthly Averages for Bridgeport, CT. The WeatherChannel. Retrieved September 15, 2011.[31] MonthlyAveragesforHartford, CT. TheWeatherChannel. Retrieved September 15, 2011.[32] FederalWritersProject. Connecticut: AGuidetoItsRoads, LoreandPeople. USHistoryPublishers. p.3. ISBN 978-1-60354-007-0. Retrieved September 23,2010.[33] http://www.cslib.org/tribes.htm Connecticut NativeAmerican Tribes, Connecticut State Library. RetrievedMay 16, 2014.[34] http://www.wesleyan.edu/ees/JCV/block.pdf Varekamp,Johan and Daphne, Adriaen Block, the discovery of LongIsland Sound and the NewNetherlands colony: what drovethe course of history?" Wesleyan University. RetrievedMay 16, 2014.[35] http://colonialwarsct.org/1614.htm 1614 Adriaen, TheSociety of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut. Re-trieved May 16, 2014.[36] http://www.saybrookhistory.org/web_page.php?id=13Brief History of Old Saybrook, Old Saybrook HistoricalSociety. Retrieved May 16, 2014.20 13 REFERENCES[37] http://books.google.com/books?id=jeAXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=%22saybrook+colony%22+%22connecticut+colony%22&source=bl&ots=eegJqMVB43&sig=acUbl7XWe8zEWNqN_uRevPaUZag&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Nnt2U_z2GObisASrpoHACg&ved=0CNYBEOgBMBQ#v=onepage&q=%22saybrook%20colony%22%20%22connecticut%20colony%22&f=false Swinton,William, A school history of the United States, New York:American Book Co., 1893, page 74. Retrieved May 16,2014.[38] Early Settlers of Connecticut. Connecticut State Li-brary. Retrieved July 25, 2010.[39] http://colonialwarsct.org/1636.htm 1636-Hartford,The Society of Colonial Wars in Connecticut.RetrievedMay 16, 2014.[40] Edward Royall Tyler, William Lathrop Kingsley, GeorgePark Fisher, Timothy Dwight, eds. (January 1, 1887),New Englander and Yale Review, 47, W.L. Kingsley, pp.176177[41] http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ct01.aspThorpe, Francis Newton, The Federal and State Constitu-tions Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of theStates, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Form-ing the United States of America, 1906; as posted onlineas Fundamental Agreement, or Original Constitution ofthe Colony of New Haven, June 4, 1639, The AvalonProject, Yale Law School. Retrieved May 16, 2014.[42] https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPF4ILESaUC&lpg=RA1-PA10&ots=XFW45VeZAK&dq=hartford%201654%20dutch%20abandon%20fort&pg=RA1-PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false Davenport, FrancesG., European Treaties Bearing on the History of theUnited States and Its Dependencies to 1648, The LawbookExchange, 2004, page 10. Retrieved May 16, 2014.[43] http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1638_new_haven.htm1638 - New Haven - The Independent Colony, TheSociety of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut.Retrieved May 16, 2014.[44] 1662-CharterforConnecticut 1662-CharterforCon-necticut. The Society of Colonial Wars in the State ofConnecticut. Retrieved May 16, 2014.[45] https://books.google.com/books?id=8gk7AQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA150&ots=lbw7xngRvH&dq=%22new%20haven%22%20%22hartford%22%20%22seat%20of%20government%22%20colony&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q&f=falseHaskel, Daniel and Smith, Calvin,ACompleteDescriptiveandStatistical Gazetteer oftheUnited States of America, New York: Sherman & Smith,1843, page 150. Retrieved May 16, 2014.[46] https://books.google.com/books?id=YHVwmVKjhaoC&lpg=PA31&ots=o8SoT2AuEx&dq=pequot%20raid%20wethersfield%20mystic&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false Williams, Tony, Amer-icas Beginnings: The Dramatic Events that ShapedaNations Character, Rowman&LittleeldPublishers,2010, pages 32-34.[47] Joseph A. Conforti (2003). Imagining New England: Ex-plorationsofRegional IdentityfromthePilgrimstotheMid-Twentieth Century: Explorations of Regional Identityfromthe Pilgrims to the Mid-twentieth Century. Uof NorthCarolina Press. p. 111.[48] Richard L. Bushman (1970). FromPuritantoYankee:Character andtheSocial Order inConnecticut, 16901765. Harvard University Press.[49] http://www.yale.edu/about/history.html About-History, Yale University. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[50] Roth, David M., Connecticut A History, New York: W.W.Norton & Co., 1979, pages 40-41.[51] Bowen, Clarence Winthrop (1882), Boundary Disputes ofConnecticut, Boston, MA, pp. 1718.[52] Flick, Alexander C, ed. (193337), History of the State ofNew York 2, New York City: Columbia University Press,pp. 5057.[53] Callison, James (March 14, 2006). Connecticut ColonyCharter of 1662. US history. OU. Retrieved July 25,2010.[54] Lacey, Barbara, Migration from Connecticut,Encyclopedia (topical survey), Connecticuts HeritageGateway.[55] http://colonialwarsct.org/1769.htm1769- ThePenna-mite Wars, The Society of Colonial Wars in the Stateof Connecticut. Retrieved May 16, 2014.[56] http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_signers_gallery_facts.pdf Signers of the Declaration ofIndependence, National Archives. Retrieved May 16,2014.[57] http://www.wpi.edu/academics/military/hillprelim.htmlBattle of Bunkers Hill Preliminary Study, WorcesterPolytechnic Institute. Retrieved May 18, 2014.[58] http://archive.org/stream/accountoftryonsr00case#page/n3/mode/2up Case, James, Tryons Raid on Danbury inApril, 1777, 1927. Retrieved May 17, 2017.[59] Poirier, David A. (1976). Camp Reading: Logistics of aRevolutionary War Winter Encampment. Northeast His-torical Archaeology 5 (1). Retrieved February 17, 2015.[60] http://putnampark.org/putnam-park-history-1778.htmPark History - Putnams 17781779 encampment,Friends and Neighbors of Putnam Park. Retrieved April27, 2014.[61] O'Keefe, Thomas C. (August 1, 2013). George Washing-ton and the Redding Encampments. In Johnson, JamesM.; Pryslopski, Christopher; Villani, Andrew. Key to theNorthern Country: The Hudson River Valley in the Amer-ican Revolution. SUNY Press. Retrieved February 17,2015.[62] Hall, Charles Samuel (1905). Life and Letters of SamuelHolden Parsons: Major-general in the Continental ArmyandChiefJudge ofthe NorthwesternTerritory, 1737-1789. Binghamton, New York: Otseningo Publishing. p.110. Retrieved February 17, 2015.21[63] http://archive.org/stream/britishinvasiono00towniala/britishinvasiono00towniala_djvu.txt Townshend, CharlesH., British Invasion of New Haven, Connecticut, 1879.Retrieved May 17, 2014.[64] http://www.hogriver.org/issues/v04n04/benedictarnold.htm Baker, Edward, Benedict Arnold Turns and BurnsNew London, Hog River Journal, Fall 2006. RetrievedMay 17, 2014.[65] About Connecticut, CT.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[66] La Bella, Laura (August 15, 2010). Connecticut: Past andPresent. New York: Rosen Publishing. p. 17. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2015.[67] http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdfUnited States Summary: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau,September 2010, page V-5. Retrieved May 16, 2014.[68] Glenn S. Gordinier, The Rockets Red Glare: The War of1812 and Connecticut (2012)[69] Morris, Charles R.(January 1, 2012). TheDawnofInnovation: The First AmericanIndustrial Revolution.PublicAairs. p. 136. Retrieved February 17, 2015.[70] Elliott, Emory (1982). Revolutionary Writers: Literatureand Authority in the New Republic, 1725-1810. OxfordUniversity Press. p. 14. Retrieved February 17, 2015.[71] https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofha00lyma Ly-man, Theodore, A short account of the Hartford Con-vention, 1823. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[72] http://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/Content/constitutions/1818Constitution.htm The Constitution of Connecticut(1818), Connecticut General Assembly.Retrieved May16, 2014.[73] http://norwich.typepad.com/museum/2012/08/james-h-ward-first-us-navy-officer-killed-in-the-civil-war.html[74] Van Dusen, Connecticut pp 224-38[75] Matthew Warshauer, Connecticut intheAmericanCivilWar: Slavery, Sacrice, and Survival (Wesleyan Univer-sity Press, 2011)[76] William Augustus Crout; John Moses Morris (1869).The Military and Civil History of Connecticut During theWar of 186165: Comprising a Detailed Account of theVarious Regiments andBatteries, ThroughMarch, En-campment, Bivouac, and Battle; Also Instances of Distin-guished Personal Gallantry, and Biographical Sketches ofMany Heroic Soldiers: Together with a Record of the Patri-otic Action of Citizens at Home, and of the Liberal SupportFurnished by the State in Its Executive and Legislative De-partments.[77] Joanna D. Cowden, The Politics of Dissent: CivilWar Democrats in Connecticut, New England Quarterly(1983) 56#4 pp. 538-554 DOI: 10.2307/365104 in JS-TOR[78] Jarlath Robert Lane, APolitical HistoryofConnecticutDuring the Civil War (1941)[79] Edward Chase Kirkland, Men, Cities and Transportation,A Study of New England History 18201900 (1948), vol2 pp 72-110, 288-306[80] http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/asc/findaids/NHRR_Smallformat/MSS19910133.html New York, NewHaven & Hartford Railroad SmallFormat Photographand Postcard Collection, University of Connecticut,2005. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[81] http://connecticuthistory.org/the-first-commercial-telephone-exchange-today-in-history/First Commercial Telephone Exchange, Connecti-cutHistory.org. Retrieved May 18, 2014.[82] Breen, William (1997). Labor Market Politics and theGreat War: The Department of Labor, the States and theFirst U.S. Employment Service, 1907-1933. Kent StateUniversity Press. p. 107. Retrieved May 29, 2014.[83] World War I. ConnecticutHistory.org. Retrieved May28, 2014.[84] Van Dusen, Connecticut (1961) p 266-68[85] EB History. General Dynamics Electric Boat. Re-trieved May 17, 2014.[86] Lake Torpedo Boat Company, Bridgeport CT. Ship-building History. Retrieved May 28, 2014.[87] Freighter Worcester LaunchedTodayinHistory.ConnecticutHistory.org. Retrieved May 28, 2014.[88] William J. Breen,Mobilization and Cooperative Fed-eralism: TheConnecticut StateCouncil of Defense,19171919. Historian (1979) 42#1 pp 58-84[89] Breen, p. 116.[90] http://www.cl-p.com/Home/AboutCLP/CLPHistory/CL_P_History/?MenuID=4294984959 Beginnings ofthe Connecticut Light and Power Company, ConnecticutLight & Power. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[91] http://nationalaviation.org/rentschler-frederick/ Freder-ick Rentschler, The National Aviation Hall of Fame. Re-trieved May 17, 2014.[92] http://www.weather.gov/okx/1938HurricaneHome TheGreat New England Hurricane of 1938, NationalWeather Service. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[93] Remembering the Great Hurricane of '38. New YorkTimes. September 21, 2003. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[94] http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ccsutheses/id/1014 Brandi, Anthony, Lend-lease :FDRs most unheralded achievement and Connecticutsunprecedented response to it, Central Connecticut StateUniversity, May 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[95] Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Ac-quisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) HarvardBusiness School p.11122 13 REFERENCES[96] http://articles.courant.com/2012-08-19/business/hc-colt-timeline-20120817_1_colt-firearms-firearms-division-rampant-colt ColtManufacturing: A Timeline, Hartford Courant, August19, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[97] http://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/world-war-ii/World War II, ConnecticutHistory.org. Retrieved May17, 2014.[98] http://www.gdeb.com/about/history/ EB History, Gen-eral Dynamics Electric Boat. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[99] The Bazooka Changes War Today in History. Con-necticutHistory.org. Retrieved May 28, 2014.[100] http://www.sikorskyarchives.com/VS-300_Helicopter.php VS-300 Helicopter, Sikorsky Archives. RetrievedMay 17, 2014.[101] http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchTopList.asp?intSort=6 Search Results for the 100 largestemployers in Connecticut, Connecticut Department ofLabor. Retrieved May 18, 2014.[102] http://www.ct.gov/dot/cwp/view.asp?A=1380&Q=259704 Interstate Highways Given New Life by Fed-eral AidHighwayActs, Connecticut Department ofTransportation, September 9, 2003. Retrieved May 17,2014.[103] http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/The-President-and-Family/The-Bush-Family.aspxThe Bush Family, George W. Bush Library, SouthernMethodist University. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[104] http://www.cslib.org/constitutionalAmends/ The Con-necticut Constitution, 19652008: Legislative History ofAmendments, Connecticut State Library. Retrieved May16, 2014.[105] http://wnpr.org/post/connecticut-yankee-and-millstone-46-years-nuclear-powerConnecticut Yankee and Millstone: 46 Years of NuclearPower, WNPR.org, January 31, 2014. Retrieved May17, 2014.[106] Jon E. Purmont. EllaGrasso: ConnecticutsPioneeringGovernor (2012)[107] http://www.cslib.org/gov/weickerl.htm Lowell WeickerGovernor of Connecticut, 19911995, Connecticut StateLibrary, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[108] http://www.ct.gov/dcp/cwp/view.asp?a=4107&q=482860 Legalized Gambling, Connecticut Departmentof Consumer Protection. Retrieved May 17, 2014.[109] Gores Choice for His Running Mate: Moderate SenatorWho Scorned Clinton: Selecting Lieberman Is Seen asBold Move; Religion May Be Issue. New York Times.August 8, 2000. 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