Conflicts With Native Americans
Transcript of Conflicts With Native Americans
Conflicts With Native Americans
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Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs
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• Supposed to manage the deliver of critical supplies to the Native American
• Corruption between the agents
• Supplies were mishandled
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• Made the decision to educate native children in separate boarding schools, with an emphasis on assimilation that prohibited them from using their own languages, practices, and cultures.
• Some were beaten for praying to their own creator God.
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Sand Creek Massacre
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• Between the Colorado militia, and the Native Americans
• Massacre of the Native Americans
• Southeastern Colorado Territory
• 72-163 Indians died (most of the death were women and children)
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• November 29, 1864
• 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory
• 70-163 Indians were killed 2/3 were women and children
• Troops were lead by Colonel John Chivington
• Native American leader was Black Kettle
• Blow to the traditional Cheyenne clan system
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Chief Black Kettle
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• Leader of southern Cheyenne
• Massacre of Sand Creek Massacre
• survived
• killed at the battle of Washita River (wife as well)
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• Leader of the Southern Cheyenne after 1854
• Lead efforts to resist American settlement from Kansas and Colorado territories
• Peacemaker
• Survived the Sand Creek Massacre
• Killed in 1868 at the Battle of Washita River
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Colonel John Chivington
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• Methodist paster served in the United States volunteers during the Colorado War
• 700 men force to the Massacre of Sand Creek
• No charges for the massacre
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• Lead a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia during the massacre at Sand Creek (15 killed and 50 wounded)
• November 1864
• 70-163 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho (2/3 women, children, and infants)
• No charges were brought against Chivington or his men
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Battle of Little Big Horn
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• George Custer vs Sioux and Cheyenne Warriors
• All of Custer’s men were killed
• Little Bighorn River
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• June 25-26, 1876
• Eastern Montana Territory
• Combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes
• 7th Calvary Regiment of the US Army under George Custer (700 men)
• Casualty count - 268 dead and 55 injured
• Sitting Bull
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Chief Red Cloud
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• Strong war leader and chief of Lakota tribe
• lead successful campaign in the Red Cloud War
• Born in Nebraska lived in South Dakota
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• Strong war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota.
• Chief from 1868 to 1909
• Signed the Treaty of For Laramie (1698) and led his people to a life on a reservation
• Fought in wars with the US Army between 1866 and 1868
• Opposed the Dawes Act
• Died at the age of 87 on the Pine Ridge Reservation
• “They made us many promises, more than I can remember. But they kept but one - They promised to take our land...and they took it.”
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Captain WJ Fetterman
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• 1886 - Sioux killed over 80 soldiers under him
• War ended under the Fort Laramie
• Officer in army during civil war
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• Officer in the US Army
• Fought in the Red Cloud’s War on the Great Plains
• 80 men were killed along with Fetterman in the Fetterman Fight (Fetterman Massacre)
• Crazy Horse and Red Cloud
• Near Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming
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Fort Laramie Treaty
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• United States vs Lakota
• Treaty was signed to give the Black Hills and hunting rights in Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota and Montana
• Ended Red Cloud’s War
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• Agreement between the United States and the Lakota people.
• Signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory
• Guaranteed the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.
• Ended Red Cloud’s War
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Sitting Bull
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• Tribal Leader of Lakota
• Dreamt of the Battle of Little Bighorn victory
• Assassinated December 15, 1890
• Born South Dakota
• Lead war parties and important to history of NA
• Holy Man
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• A Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies.
• Killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him. (people feared he would join the Ghost Dance Movement)
• Fought in the Red Cloud’s War, The Great Sioux War of 1876, and at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
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Crazy Horse
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• Leader of the Lakota
• Stabbed at Fort Robinson
• Lead the Native Americans at Little Bighorn
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• Native American war leader of the Lakota
• Fetterman Fight, Wagon Box Fight, Great Sioux War of 1876-1877
• Leader at the Battle of Little Bighorn
• Surrendered to US troops under General Crook. (May 1877)
• He was fatally wounded while in custody at Camp Robinson (Nebraska)
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Colonel George A. Custer
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• US Army officer and Calvary
• Leader of soldiers at Little Bighorn
• Died in the battle, misjudged number of Indians
• Montana
• Served in Civil and Indian War
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• United States Army officer and cavalry commander in Indians Wars
• Custer and all his men were killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.
• He led the US 7th Cavalry Regiment
• Fought the Native Americans at the Battle of Washita River, lead an expedition into the Black Hills
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Wovoka
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• Jack Wilson
• Northern Paiute
• Religious Leader who founded the ghost dance movement
• Wounded Knee massacre
• Non-violence message
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• Also known as Jack Wilson was the Northern Paiute religious leader who founded the Ghost Dance movement.
• Had the reputation of being a powerful medicine man.
• Claimed to have a prophetic vision during the solar eclipse in 1889. His vision entailed the resurrection of the Paiute dead and the removal of white and their works from North America. (Ghost Dance)
• Practiced by the victims of the Wounded Knee Massacre
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Battle of Wounded Knee
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• End of Indian War
• Disarmed them
• Killed all the Indians
• Ridge Indian Reservation
• South Dakota
• 84 Men, 44 women and 18 children
• Colonel Foryth was relieved of command
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• December 29, 1890
• Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota
• Last Battle of the American Indian Wars
• US 7th Cavalry Regiment escorted a band of Lakota to the Wounded Knee Creek where they made camp.
• Colonel James W. Forsyth and his troops surrounded the camp with four Hotchkiss guns.
• Troops disarmed the Lakota
• US Army had 500 troops
• Lakota had 120 men and 230 civilian women and children
• Opened fire on the Native Americans (90 men killed, 200 women and children killed, 51 wounded)
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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• Activist who wanted the treatment of Indians improved
• Book Ramona - about treatment of Indians in California
• Wrote a bill that was passed in the Senate and not the House
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• Poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the US government.
• Wrote the book A Century of Dishonor (1881) and Ramona (1884)
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United States Indian Training and Industrial School
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• Flag ship boarding school
• 1879-1918
• model for 26 boarding schools in 15 states
• Carlisie PA
• Forced to leave families
• Becoming Americanized (name, dress, culture)
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• Carlisle, Pennsylvania
• 1879-1918
• Captain Richard Henry Pratt under authority of the US federal government
• First federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school.
• Founded on the principle that Native Americans were the equals of European-Americans., and the Native American children immersed in mainstream Euro-American culture would learn skills to advance in society.
• There were eventually 26 Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools
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Captain Richard H. Pratt
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• Founder of the Carlisle School
• Cultural Genocide
• Indian Bureau of Affairs - schools died down
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• Founder and long time superintended of the influential Carlisle Indian Industrial School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania
• Fought in the American Civil War and the Red River War
• Form of cultural genocide
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Dawes Act
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• Named after Henry Dawes
• Assimilate Native Americans in western culture
• Caused Indian tribes to lose land (sold to eastern settlers)
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• 1887
• General Allotment Act or Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
• Divided the American Indian tribal land and divided it into allotments for individual Indians.
• Created by Senator Henry Lauren Dawes of Massachusetts
• Wanted to assimilation of Indians into mainstream American society by having them individually own land.
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