The Context of Congressional Elections Jacobson, Chapters 1, 2, and 3.
Congressional Elections. What is REAPPORTIONMENT??
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Transcript of Congressional Elections. What is REAPPORTIONMENT??
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Congressional Elections
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What is REAPPORTIONMENT??
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• Governor and State Legislatures• “Nonpartisan Commissions” (few states)
REDISTRICTING
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Representatives per citizensMontana: 1 Rep=902,195
Maryland: 1 Rep=662,000
Wyoming: 1 Rep=493,782
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MalapportionmentUnequal number of citizens per district.
State does not redistrict.
Tennessee: 1900-1960– no redistricting.Rural district: 1 seat for 2,300 voters.Urban district: 1 seat for 44,600 voters.
Baker v. Carr (1962): One person; One voteMalapportionment is unconstitutional
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GerrymanderingDrawing odd-
shaped district lines to favor a political party, race, or ethnic group.
http://planning.maryland.gov/Redistricting/redistrictingIMap.shtml
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Packing and Cracking
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Gerrymandering in MarylandPacking or Cracking?
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What is the difference? How does this benefit the Democrats?
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Districts around the Beltway
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Majority-Minority District (Illinois 4th District) Unites 2 Hispanic Neighborhoods.
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Shaw v. Reno (1993): Racial Gerrymanders
Unconstitutional When:•Race is the predominant consideration, AND
•When other traditional districting principles are ignored (i.e., compactness).
•“Generally, such districts are extremely irregular and cannot be explained as anything other than an attempt to create a district according to race.”
http://redistricting.state.md.us/maryland/mdredistinfo.htm
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Davis v. Bandemer (1986): Partisan Gerrymanders
Unconstitutional When:The plan “substantially interferes” with a minority
party’s ability to participate (not so in this case).
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Are majority-minority districts necessary?
Descriptive RepresentationRep reflects
demographic characteristics of district.
Substantive RepresentationRep reflects the
opinions of the district.