Congressional Elections. Constitution Senators –6 years –Selected by state legislatures –17 th...
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Transcript of Congressional Elections. Constitution Senators –6 years –Selected by state legislatures –17 th...
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Congressional Elections
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Constitution
• Senators– 6 years– Selected by state legislatures– 17th Amendment, 1913: Direct election
• Members of House of Representatives– 2 years– Directly elected by people
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Rules governing election to Congress
• The Constitution
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Constitution: election to the House of Representatives
• Election every 2 years• Must be 25 years old• Citizenship for 7 years• Live in the state• Selected same way as largest house of state
legislature (popular vote)• Apportioned among states based on population
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Constitution: election to the Senate
• Election every 6 years– Three Classes
• Must be at least 30 years old
• Citizen for 9 years
• Live in the state
• Selected by state legislatures
• 2 per state
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Rules governing election to Congress
• The Constitution
• Single-member, winner-take all districts
• Reapportionment and redistricting
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Reapportionment
• When the federal government reallocates seats among the states after the decennial census
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Gains and losses due to 2000 reapportionment
• Gains– CA (+1)
– AZ (+2)
– CO (+1)
– FL (+2)
– GA (+2)
– NV (+1)
– TX (+2)
• Losses– CT (-1)
– NY (-2)
– IL (-1)
– IN (-1)
– MI (-1)
– OH (-1)
– OK (-1)
– PA (-2)
– WI (-1)
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Redistricting
• When states redraw congressional district boundaries after decennial census
• Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)– Each district must have equal population
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What criteria should states use in deciding where to draw
district lines?
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Conflicting Values
• Contiguity of boundaries (requirement)• Equal population (requirement)• Compactness• Keeping together communities of interest • Protecting interests of racial minorities
– Meeting requirements of Voting Rights Act
• Partisan gerrymandering• Incumbent protection• Maximizing competition
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Rules governing election to Congress
• The Constitution
• Single-member, winner-take all districts
• Reapportionment and redistricting
• Primary election laws– Open vs. Closed
• FECA
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Federal Election Campaign Act(as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002)
• Contribution limit (individuals) = $2000
• Total cycle contribution limit = $95,000
• Contribution limit (PACs) = $5000
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How do voters decide?
Heuristics:
• Party ID
• Name recognition
• Incumbency!
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Sources of incumbent advantage
• Voters recognize their name
• Gerrymandering
• Privileges of office
• Ease of raising money
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How do voters decide?
• Heuristics
• Campaigns
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Cost of campaigns
2000 House:
• Ave. expenditures: $693,952
• Incumbents’ ave. expenditures: $814,507
• Challengers’ ave. expenditures: $369,823
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Where does money come from?House candidates' ave. funding sources,
2000
Candidate11%
Individuals51%
Other5%
Party2%
PACs31%
Individuals PACs Party Candidate Other
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Where does money come from?Senate candidates' funding sources, 2000
PACs13%
Party4%
Candidate24%
Other6%
Individuals53%
Individuals PACs Party Candidate Other
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Fundraising9.40%
TV21.80%
Staff salaries17.80%
Other comm.3.90%
Travel 2.5%
Polling2.1%Direct mail
8.10%
Radio ads12.30%
Newspaper ads .4%
Voter reg/GOTV
1.30%
Campaign literature
8.00%
Overhead10.50%
Budget of a typical House campaign
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Who gets elected?
• White men
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Who gets elected?
• White men
• Lawyers
• Christians
• Previously elected officials
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Small group discussion
What constitutes good representation?
What characteristics of a representative would make you feel like he or she should do a good job representing you and your interests?
What behavior should a good representative engage in?
When, if ever, should a representative put his constituents’ interests aside and think of the greater good?
You will turn your notes in for participation credit.
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Values associated with representation
• Looking like me, having my background– “Symbolic representation”
• Rep. uses own judgment to act on my behalf– “Representative-as-delegate”
• Doing exactly what I would do– “Representative as agent”
• Communication with me