Congo River - ghana rbg references

7/27/2019 Congo River - ghana rbg references

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Congo River 1

Congo River

The Congo River (River Zaire)

River

The Congo River near Mossaka

Countries Angola,Burundi,Cameroon,Central African Republic,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Gabon,Republic of theCongo,Rwanda,Tanzania,Zambia

Mouth Atlantic Ocean

Length 4,700 km(2,920 mi)[1]

Basin 4,014,500 km2(1,550,007 sq mi)

[1]

Discharge

- average 41,000 m3/s(1,447,901 cu ft/s)

[1]

- max

75,000 m

3

/s(2,648,600 cu ft/s)

[1]

- min 23,000 m3/s(812,237 cu ft/s)

[1]

The Congo River (in the past also known as the Zaire River) is a river in Africa, and is the deepest river in the

world, with measured depths in excess of 220 m (720 ft).[2]

It is the third largest river in the world by volume of

water discharged. Additionally, its overall length of 4,700 km (2,920 mi) makes it the ninth longest river.

The Congo gets its name from the ancient Kingdom of Kongo which inhabited the lands at the mouth of the river.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, both countries lying along the river's banks,

are named after it. Between 1971 and 1997 the government of then-Zaire called it the Zaire River.

Basin and course

The Congo's drainage basin covers 4,014,500 square kilometres (1,550,000 sq mi).[1]

The Congo's discharge at its

mouth ranges from 23,000 cubic metres per second (810,000 cu ft/s) to 75,000 cubic metres per second

(2,600,000 cu ft/s), with an average of 41,000 cubic metres per second (1,400,000 cu ft/s).[1]

The river and its tributaries flow through the Congo rainforest, the second largest rain forest area in the world,

second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America. The river also has the third-largest flow in the world,

behind the Amazon and the Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghna complex; the third-largest drainage basin of any river,

behind the Amazon and Ro de la Plata rivers; and is one of the deepest rivers in the world, at depths greater than

220 m (720 ft).[2][3]

Because its drainage basin includes areas both North and South of the equator, its flow is stable,

as there is always at least one part of the river experiencing a rainy season.[4]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADo_de_la_Platahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_by_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congolian_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tributaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discharge_%28hydrology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_by_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_by_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_by_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zambiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cameroonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sunrise_near_Mossaka_%28Congo%29.JPG


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Congo River 2

The Congo river at Maluku.

The town of Mbandaka is a busy port on the

banks of the Congo River.

The sources of the Congo are in the highlands and mountains of the

East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru, which

feed the Lualaba River, which then becomes the Congo below Boyoma

Falls. The Chambeshi River in Zambia is generally taken as the source

of the Congo in line with the accepted practice worldwide of using the

longest tributary, as with the Nile River.

The Congo flows generally northwards from Kisangani just below the

Boyoma falls, then gradually bends southwestwards, passing by

Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the Pool

Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa (formerly Lopoldville) and

Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool, where the

river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons

(collectively known as the Livingstone Falls), running by Matadi and

Boma, and into the sea at the small town of Muanda.

The Congo River Basin is one of the distinct physiographic sections of

the larger Mid-African province, which in turn is part of the larger

African massive physiographic division.

Economic importance

The beginning of the Livingstone Falls near

Kinshasa.

Although the Livingstone Falls prevent access from the sea, nearly the

entire Congo is readily navigable in sections, especially between

Kinshasa and Kisangani. Large river steamers worked the river until

quite recently. The Congo River still is a lifeline in a land with few

roads or railways.[5]

Railways now bypass the three major falls, and much of the trade of

Central Africa passes along the river, including copper, palm oil (as

kernels), sugar, coffee, and cotton. The river is also potentially

valuable for hydroelectric power, and the Inga Dams below Pool

Malebo are first to exploit the Congo river.

Hydro-electric power

The Congo River is the most powerful river in Africa. During the rainy season over 50,000 cubic meters

(1,800,000 cu ft) of water per second flow into the Atlantic Ocean. Opportunities for the Congo River and its

tributaries to generate hydropower are therefore enormous. Scientists have calculated that the entire Congo Basin

accounts for thirteen percent of global hydropower potential. This would provide sufficient power for all of

sub-Saharan Africa's electricity needs.[6]

Currently there are about forty hydropower plants in the Congo Basin. The largest is the spectacular Inga Falls dam,

about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Kinshasa. The prestigious Inga Project was launched in the early 1970s and atthat time the first dam was completed. The plan as originally conceived called for the construction of five dams that
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinshasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inga_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydropower_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydropowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congo_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydropowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pool_Malebohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pool_Malebohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inga_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congo_River_Steamershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisanganihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinshasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navigablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livingstone_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AChutes_Livingstone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinshasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livingstone_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boma%2C_Kongo_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livingstone_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterfall%23Types_of_waterfallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazzavillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinshasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pool_Malebohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pool_Malebohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubangi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbandakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisanganihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chambeshi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boyoma_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boyoma_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lualaba_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Mweruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Tanganyikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_African_Rifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highland_%28geographic_feature%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AOxfam_East_Africa_-_Mbandaka_market.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbandakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACongo_maluku.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maluku_%28Kinshasa%29


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Congo River 3

would have had a total generating capacity of 34,500 megawatts. To date only two dams have been built, which are

the Inga I and Inga II, with a total of fourteen turbines.[6]

In February 2005, South Africa's state-owned power company, Eskom, announced a proposal to increase the

capacity of the Inga dramatically through improvements and the construction of a new hydroelectric dam. The

project would bring the maximum output of the facility to 40 GW, twice that of China's Three Gorges Dam.[7]

It is feared that these new hydroelectric dams could lead to the extinction of many of the fish species that areendemic to the river.

[8]

Natural history

Satellite picture of Brazzaville, Kinshasa and the

Malebo Pool of the Congo River.

The Congo River formed 1.5-2 million years BP during the

Pleistocene.[9]

The Congo's formation may have led to the allopatric speciation of the

bonobo and the common chimpanzee from their most recent common

ancestor.[10]

The bonobo is endemic to the humid forests in the region,

as are other iconic species like the Allen's swamp monkey, dryas

monkey, aquatic genet, okapi and Congo Peafowl.[11][12]

In terms of aquatic life, the Congo River Basin has a very high species

richness, and among the highest known concentrations of endemics.[13]

Until now, almost 700 fish species have been recorded from the Congo

River Basin, and large sections remain virtually unstudied.[14]

Due to this and the great ecological differences

between the regions in the basin, it is often divided into multiple ecoregions (instead of treating it as a single

ecoregion). Among these ecoregions, the Lower Congo Rapids alone has more than 300 fish species, including

approximately 80 endemics[8]

while the southwestern part (Kasai Basin) alone has about 200 fish species, of which

about a quarter are endemic.[15]

The dominant fish familiesat least in parts of the riverare Cyprinidae

(carp/cyprinids, such as Labeo simpsoni), Mormyridae (elephantfishes), Alestidae (African tetras), Mochokidae

(squeaker catfishes), and Cichlidae (cichlids).[16]

Among the natives in the river is the huge, highly carnivorous giant

tigerfish. Two of the more unusual endemic cichlids are the whitish (non-pigmented) and blindLamprologus lethops,

which is believed to live as deep as 160 metres (520 ft) below the surface,[8]

andHeterochromis multidens, which

appears to be more closely related to cichlids of the Americas than other African cichlid.[17]

There are also numerous

endemic frogs and snails.[16][18]

Several hydroelectric dams are planned on the river, and these may lead to the

extinction of many of the endemics.[8]

Several species of turtles, and the slender-snouted, Nile and dwarf crocodile are native to the Congo River Basin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_crocodilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slender-snouted_Crocodilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turtlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroelectric_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heterochromis_multidenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamprologus_lethopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_pigmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_tigerfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_tigerfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cichlidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mochokidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alestidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mormyridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labeo_simpsonihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyprinidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasai_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Congo_Rapidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecoregionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Species_richnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Species_richnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congo_Peafowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okapihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_Genethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dryas_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dryas_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allen%27s_swamp_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congolian_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most_recent_common_ancestorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most_recent_common_ancestorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonobohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allopatric_speciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Before_Presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKinshasa_&_Brazzaville_-_ISS007-E-6305_lrg.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pool_Malebohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eskomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa


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Congo River 4

Tributaries

Sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream.

Inkisi

Nzadi

Nsele (south side of Pool Malebo)

Bombo

Kwa (called Kasai from inflow of Fimi upstream)

Fimi

Lukenie

Kwango

Sankuru

Lefini

Likouala

Sangha

Ubangi

Giri

Uele Mbomou

Lomami River

Luvua

Luapula

Chambeshi

Course and Drainage basin of the Congo River

with countries marked

Course and Drainage basin of the Congo River

with topography shading.

Literature

1837: SilenceA Fable is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, written in 1837 (see: bibliography). Although the

first paragraph of this story contains the sentence: "The region of which I speak is a dreary region in Libya, by the

borders of the river Zaire." it would not immediately appear to refer to the Equatorial-African River Zaire (River

Congo), as the River Zaire of the story is described as being in Libya, which is in North Africa. It may be,

however, that, given the level of geographical knowledge of Africa at the time of writing, the name Libya is used

as a generic name for the African continent. In this case the story may, in fact, be an attempt to describe the River

Congo of Equatorial Africa. It was adapted into a radio program of the same name.

Pirogues on the Congo River.

1878: Henry Morton Stanley documented his journey down the

Congo River in Through the Dark Continent, first published in

1878.[19]

1902: Although not explicitly cited, the Congo River provides the

setting for Joseph Conrad's 1902 novelHeart of Darkness.[20]

1914: American poet Vachel Lindsay portrays a dark and savage

society around the Congo River in his 1914 poem The Congo: A

Study of the Negro Race.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vachel_Lindsayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_Darknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Conradhttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_Morton_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APirogues_on_the_Congo_River_-a.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Allan_Poe_bibliography%23Taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Allan_Poehttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Silence_(Poe,_short_story)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACongoLualaba_watershed_topo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chambeshi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luvua_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lomami_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbomou_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uele_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giri_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubangi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangha_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likouala_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lefini_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankuru_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwango_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lukenie_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fimi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasai_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombo_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nsele_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nzadi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inkisi_River


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Congo River 5

1921: The Congo is mentioned in Langston Hughes's poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers".

1930: Both Congo River and basin form the setting ofHoity Toity, the Soviet science fiction novel by Alexander

Belyayev.

1980: The Congo River is featured in a chapter of Michael Crichton's novel Congo (published in 1980), as well as

in the 1995 film based on the book.

1995: The Congo River is featured in the action film Congo, by director Frank Marshall, although it is not

mentioned by name in the film. The film is based on the 1980 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton.

1996: British author Redmond O'Hanlon has a travelogue published by Penguin Books under the title ofCongo

Journey (1996).

1998: The river's history is discussed in the 1998 bookKing Leopold's Ghost(by Adam Hochschild).

2006: The river's history is discussed in the bookBrazza, A Life for Africa (by Maria Petringa, Bloomington, IN:

AuthorHouse, 2006).

2007: The Congo River and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the scenario for the 2007 bookBlood Riverby

journalist Tim Butcher,[21]

based on his intrepid travels up and down Africa's second longest river.Blood River

was an attempt to retrace Henry Morton Stanley's trip down the Congo River, documented in Through the Dark

Continent(first published, 1878), and was shortlisted for the 2008 British Book Awards.

2010: The Congo River is a central element in the 2010 novel by Mario Vargas Llosa,El sueo del celta (The

Dream of the Celt), a fictionalisation of episodes in the life of the Irishman Roger Casement. The book is to be

published in English in 2012.

2012: Phil Harwood's book "Canoeing the Congo"[22]

and amateur film "Mazungu Canoeing the Congo"

document his five month solo journey by Canadian canoe.

References

[1] Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 (http://books. google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC& pg=PA338). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 338339.

ISBN 978-92-5-102983-1. .

[2] Oberg, Kevin (2008-07). "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July

2008" (http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf). U.S. Geological Survey. .

[3] "Monster Fish of the Congo" (http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview).National Geographic Channel.

2009. .

[4] The Congo River (http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html). Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-29.

[5] See, for instance, Thierry Michel's film Congo River (http://www.congo-river.com/)

[6] Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC) (http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&

blogId=27& utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter). Weetlogs.scilogs.be (2010-04-27). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.

[7] Vasagar, Jeevan (2005-02-25). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?" (http://www.guardian.co.

uk/

congo/

story/

0,12292,1425023,00.

html). World news (London: The Guardian). . Retrieved 2010-04-30.[8] Norlander, Britt (20 April 2009). "Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large

dams are threatening their future" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/). Science World. .

[9] Leonard C. Beadle (1981). The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology (http://books. google.com/

books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ). Longman. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-582-46341-7. . Retrieved 2 April 2011.

[10] Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ, et al. (2008). "Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments".PLoS Genet.4

(4): e1000057. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057. PMC 2278377. PMID 18421364.

[11] Kingdon, Jonathan (1997). London: Academic Press Limited. ISBN 0-1240-8355-2.

[12] BirdLife International (2008). "Afropavo congensis" (http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/141356).IUCN Red List of

Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. . Retrieved 2 May 2011.

[13] Dickman, Kyle (2009-11-03). "Evolution in the Deepest River in the World" (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/

Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html). Science & Nature. Smithsonian Magazine. .

[14] Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Sudanic Congo Oubangi. (http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535)

Accessed 2 May 2011.

[15] Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008).Kasai. (http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546) Accessed 2 May 2011.
http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.htmlhttp://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_Listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_Listhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/141356http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Kingdonhttp://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJhttp://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/http://www.guardian.co.uk/congo/story/0,12292,1425023,00.htmlhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/congo/story/0,12292,1425023,00.htmlhttp://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitterhttp://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitterhttp://www.congo-river.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thierry_Michelhttp://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.htmlhttp://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overviewhttp://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338http://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Casementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dream_of_the_Celthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dream_of_the_Celthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Book_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Butcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Hochschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Leopold%27s_Ghosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redmond_O%27Hanlonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Marshall_%28film_producer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congo_%28film%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congo_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Crichtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Belyayevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Belyayevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoity_Toity_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Negro_Speaks_of_Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes


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[16] Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Upper Lualaba. (http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545) Accessed 2 May

2011.

[17] Kullander, S.O. (1998).A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). pp. 461498 in

Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.

[18] Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008).Lower Congo Rapids. (http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549) Accessed 2

May 2011.

[19] Through the Dark continent (http://openlibrary.org/works/OL1104859W/Through_the_Dark_continent). Open Library. Retrieved on

2011-11-29.

[20] Described in Joseph Conrad'sHeart of Darkness as "a mighty big river": "But there was in [the map of the African continent] one river

especially, a mighty big river, that you could see on the map, resembling an immense snake uncoiled, with its head in the sea, its body at rest

curving afar over a vast country, and its tail lost in the depths of the land."

[21] Paul Theroux (27 May 2011). "The places in between" (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/71b85180-87e5-11e0-a6de-00144feabdc0.

html#axzz1NccBGO3m). Financial Times. . Retrieved 26 June 2011.

[22][22] Harwood, P. (2012). Canoeing the Congo: First Source to Sea Descent of the Congo River. Matador. ISBN 978-1780880075.

External links

Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law (http://www.ppl.nl/index.

php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82) Peace Palace Library

Map of the Congo River basin at Water Resources eAtlas (http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/

publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world)

Interesting pictures and details to see (http://www.elebo.com/congo-river)

The Congo Project (http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/congo/index_02.html),American Museum of

Natural History (AMNH)
http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/congo/index_02.htmlhttp://www.elebo.com/congo-riverhttp://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-worldhttp://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-worldhttp://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/71b85180-87e5-11e0-a6de-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1NccBGO3mhttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/71b85180-87e5-11e0-a6de-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1NccBGO3mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_Darknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Conradhttp://openlibrary.org/works/OL1104859W/Through_the_Dark_continenthttp://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545


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Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsCongo River Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526536343 Contributors: ABF, Addaick, Aecis, Ajcounter, Alanmordue, Alansohn, Alex Klotz, All13d, Andrea105, Angr,

Anlace, Ann Stouter, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Aph1ruderman, Arwel Parry, Arat, Ashley thomas80, AtJayaditya, Aymatth2, Bahar101, Baiji, Barneca, Beaber, Becd22, Beek man,

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List, Closedmouth, Cmsg, CommonsDelinker, Confession0791, Conscious, Conte di Cavour, Cooliog89, Craig Pemberton, Craw Returns, Crazysane, Cricobr, Crisco 1492, Curps, D6, DARTH

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Gurch, Gurchzilla, Gutsul, Hadal, Hephaestos, Herostratus, Hogne, Hola32, Hu12, Ice Ardor, Insanity Incarnate, Iusethis, I virivi00, J.delanoy, JForget, JaGa, Jaan513, Jack Merridew, Jd4508,

JeLuF, Jebba, Jefs, Jim, Jklamo, JonRichfield, Jopparn, Jose77, JosiahHenderson, Jtle515, Junebug696, Jwissick, Katieh5584, Keenan Pepper, Kevindewa, Khoikhoi, Klausness, Klilidiplomus,

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Mephistophelian, Mic, Michael Cockrell, Michael Devore, Midnightdreary, Mimihitam, Misza13, Mmxx, Monkeynoze, Mr Accountable, Mrzaius, Muriel Gottrop, Myasuda, Mygerardromance,

Mysdaao, NawlinWiki, Nayvik, Neon1234560, Netizen, NielsenGW, Nishkid64, Njaelkies Lea, NortyNort, Ntsimp, O'Donnell, OMGimacool, Omicronpersei8, Oxymoron83, P-A., PFHLai,

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Raven in Orbit, Reaper Eternal, Redvers, Rehman, Reidpaquet, Reneaust, Res2216firestar, Rettetast, RexNL, Rexparry sydney, Rich Farmbrough, Rip-Saw, Rob cowie, Rocastelo, Roke,

Romanm, Romanskolduns, Rrburke, Rsnetto74, Ryan shell, RyanCross, ST47, Sanya, Saturn star, Sciurin, Seba5618, Sellyme, Sengkang, Sephiroth BCR, Sfsorrow2, Shannon1 (usurped3),

Shot info, SidP, Sjv27, Skarebo, Skizzik, Sluzzelin, Smallweed, Smartboy213, Soundout, Stan Shebs, Steorra, SunnyBasra456, Superbeecat, Swid, TShilo12, Tabletop, Teddks, Terminator484,

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Zarent, Zeimusu, Zeno Gantner, Zonechamp260, , 640 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage: Sunrise near Mossaka (Congo).JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sunrise_near_Mossaka_(Congo).JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike

3.0 Contributors: Bsm15

File:Congo maluku.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Congo_maluku.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Vberger

File:Oxfam East Africa - Mbandaka market.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Mbandaka_market.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution

2.0 Contributors: Oxfam East Africa

Image:Chutes Livingstone.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chutes_Livingstone.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Vberger

Image:Kinshasa & Brazzaville - ISS007-E-6305 lrg.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kinshasa_&_Brazzaville_-_ISS007-E-6305_lrg.jpg License: Public Domain

Contributors: Laurent Jerry, Mircea, Moyogo, Stan Shebs

File:CongoLualaba watershed plain political.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png License: Creative Commons

Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Imagico

File:CongoLualaba watershed topo.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5

Contributors: Imagico

File:Pirogues on the Congo River -a.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pirogues_on_the_Congo_River_-a.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0

Contributors: Julien Harneis from Conakry, Guinea

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