Congestion Charges in Stockholm
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Congestion Chargesin StockholmSwedish Society For Nature Conservation
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Divided County
The Baltic Sea and Lake Mälaren split Stockholm in two parts.
The division cuts through the most densely populated part of the country
Stockholm County: 1,98 million
Stockholm City: 810.000
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2007-03-08
Kansliet 3
Major infrastructure projects
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2007-03-08
Kansliet 4
The Stockholm trial
• Congestion charges has been discussed since the seventies.
• The social democrats needed support in parliament from the greens and the left party.
• Agreement 2003 : a time-limited trial with congestion charges in Stockholm.
• The Stockholm trial would be subject of a public referendum, the same day as the next election, September 2006.
• The new mayor in Stockholm had promised the voters not to introduce charges in TV shortly before the elections 2003…
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2007-03-08
Kansliet 5
Aims of the trial
Reduce traffic by 10-15% on the main roads
Increase average speeds on streets and roads
Reduce emissions of hazardous pollutants and carbon dioxide
Inhabitants should feel that the city environment has improved
More resources to public transport
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2007-03-08
Kansliet 6
The three parts of
the Stockholm trial
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• Charge when entering/exiting the centre of Stockholm
• 18 control points
• Essingeleden was not included in the trial
Congestion tax
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Cameras
• High resolution digital cameras with infrared flash light
• Photographs both registration plates
• Automatic OCR-scan
The photographs stored in the system:drivers and passengers are not visible.
Registration number blurred to prevent identification.
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2007-03-08
Kansliet 10
Control points:
No barriers, no stopping, no roadside payments
Automated identification
• Photographs of licence plates from front and rear
• OBU:s (small electronic box in the car)
The OBU is unique for each vehicle
Road
Laser detectorCamera rear Camera frontAntenna
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2007-03-08
Kansliet 11
Time Charge SEK
6.30 - 6.59 am
10
7.00 - 7.29 am
15
7.30 - 8.29 am
20
8.30 - 8.59 am
15
9.00 am - 3.29 pm
10
3.30 - 3.59 pm
15
4.00 - 5.29 pm
20
5.30 - 5.59 pm
15
6.00 - 6.29 pm
10
6.30 pm - 6.29 am
0
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10 kr
10 kr
Passage through charge limitcosts 10, 15 or 20 SEKduring charge hours
Travels through the zone to or fromLidingö are exempted
Travels on Essinge- leden bypass are exempted from charges, too.
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Kansliet 14
First day – January 3, 2006
Passages over thecharging cordon de-creased 30 per cent compared to the previous day
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Kansliet 15
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Passages, control points06:00 – 19:00
START STOP
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Goals essentially reached
10 - 15 % less traffic to/from inner city
– Was 20-25%
Increased accessibility
– Queue times down 30-50% in/near the inner city
– Essingeleden bypass about the same as before
Decreased emissions
– 10-14% less in inner city; 2-3% in total county
Inhabitants should perceive an improved urban environment
– Unclear – difficult to define and measure
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Reduction of particles in air
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Less emissions improve health
Inner city8-14% reduction
County2-3% reduction
• Emissions are reduced in the ”right” area – where people live and breath.
• 8-14 per cent reduction
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Kansliet 20
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Less traffic – also further out and inside the cordon
-25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5%
Innerstadsgator
Innerstadsgator, stora
Innerstadsleder
Avgiftssnittet
Inre infarter
Yttre infarter
Ytterstadsgator
Tvrleder
Streets inside
Streets inside, large
Main roads inside
Cordon zone limit
Inner radials
Outer radials
Streets, outside
Orbitals
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30-50% less time in queues
Ktid, morgonrusning
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
inreinfartIN inreinfartUT innerstadsgata innerstadsledN innerstadsledS
fm 2005 fm 2006
Delay time, AM peak
Inner main roads, inbound
Inner main roads, outbound
Inner streets
Inner main roads, northbound
Inner main roads, southbound
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Even larger effect on PM peak
Ktid, eftermiddagsrusning
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
inreinfartIN inreinfartUT innerstadsgata innerstadsledN innerstadsledS
em 2005 em 2006
Inner main roads, inbound
Inner main roads, outbound
Inner streets
Inner main roads, northbound
Inner main roads, southbound
Delay time, PM peak
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Industry & commerce
• Marginal influence on land use, real estate prices and regional economy compared to other factors
• No identifiable effects on retail at aggregate level
• Influence on households purchasing power negligible
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”Stockholm the congestion tax”
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”Yes” in public referendum
• 51,3 % voted yes
• 45,5 % voted no
• The new government decided to reinstall congestion taxes 2007.
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Why is congestion charges sopolitically sensitive?
• People pay for something that recently was perceived as free
• Invisible benefits – at least until experienced
• Easy meat for any political opposition
• A car is a holy cow on four wheels
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5 success factors - a wish list
- A committed political leader
- The best project leader in the country - with a clear mandate
- A thorough and well researched plan, ruthlessly adopted to the city’s needs and the public mind.
- Legislation in place in good time: competence, integrity, penalties…
- Be the one that’s got the facts. Media will ask the very first day how traffic behaves compared to the same day one year before.
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Information:www.stockholmsforsoket.se
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Cost-benefit analysis of the congestion charges
Payback time: 4 years.
Shorter, more reliable travel times 590 mkr/yearPaid congestion charges -760 mkr/yearHealth and environment 90 mkr/yearTraffic safety 120 mkr/yearRevenues from congestion charges 760 mkr/yearOther revenues/costs 190 mkr/year
Maintenance and running costs -220 mkr/year
Net benefit 760 mkr/year
Investment and running costs 2006 -2000 mkrShadow prices etc. -1100 mkr
Total initial cost -3100 mkr