Confucius - Mudita Consultancy · 2020. 3. 4. · POLYCHRONIC cultures are past-oriented, they see...
Transcript of Confucius - Mudita Consultancy · 2020. 3. 4. · POLYCHRONIC cultures are past-oriented, they see...
“The superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions.”
- Confucius -
Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
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The Confucian Asia clusterincludes the following
countries:
ChinaHong KongSingapore
JapanSouth Korea
Taiwan
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Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
HIGH-CONTEXTcultures:
communication is mostlyindirect and implicit,
requiring a certain degree ofcontextual knowledge to be
fully understood.The use of non-verbalcommunication (voice,
gestures, etc) is significant.Since reliance on written
communication is low, knowledge of unwrittenrules, social codes and
rituals tends to beassumed. Proceduresare somewhat flexible,
decisions are based onfeelings and emotional
factors.
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Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
POLYCHRONICcultures are past-oriented,
they see timeas a cyclical concept, a
repetition of natural cyclesand patterns. Punctuality is
not a primary concern,people tend to live for the
moment, plans can be alteredto fit a situation as it changes.
Life is unpredictable andscheduling is not
fundamental. Previouscommitments will be
respected if possible.Members of a polychronic
culture manageinterruptions well and tendto do many things at once.
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Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
BEING Cultures:Relationship-oriented.
The needs to maintain thecollective well-being
and to respect tradition areprioritized over task
outcomes.Trust and affiliation are
important.Confucian-Asian
cultures tend to valuecooperation, socialharmony and group
consensus. Thedevelopment of
supportive socialrelationships is
considered a priority.
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Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
COLLECTIVISTCultures:
The common good is moreimportant than personal interest.
The group takes careof individuals, individuals are loyal
to the group. Relationships arerarely a matter of choice: they are
formed within the group peoplebelong to, often inaccessible to
outsiders.
Defining one’s identity interms of one’s social role
is typical of collectivistcultures. Since
selflessness andconformity are highly
valued, individualachievements
are often portrayed asa result of external
circumstances ratherthan personal merit.
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Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
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SHAME Cultures:Shame, a reaction to other
people's criticism, is the maintool of social control in
collectivist societies.Eastern cultures are usuallyshame-based, while Western
cultures tend to be guilt-based.
"In true shame-orientedcultures, every person
has a place and a duty inthe society. One
maintains self-respect,not by choosing what is
good rather than what isevil, but by choosing what
is expected of one.Personal desires are sunk
in the collectiveexpectation. Those whofail will often turn their
aggression againstthemselves instead ofusing violence againstothers." (Paul Hiebert)
Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
"MASCULINE"cultures (*) in the Confucian-
Asia cluster are mostly definedby low scores on Gender
Egalitarianism. Gender rolestend to be clearly defined, thefamily structure is "traditional":fathers deal with facts, mothers
deal with feelings (*).(*) Gender Egalitarianismis the belief that people
should receive equaltreatment regardless of their
gender.Note the similaritybetween Globe’s Gender
Egalitarianism andHofstede’s Masculinity/
Femininity cultural dimension.
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Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
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Japan - South Korea - Taiwan
Societies that score high in termsof Uncertainty Avoidance tend torely on formal regulations, rules
and laws to deal with uncertainty.Social interactions are formaland conservative, planning is
important.
China - Singapore - Hong Kong
Societies that score low in termsof Uncertainty Avoidance have ahigh tolerance to ambiguity andunpredictability, unstructuredsituations are not a source ofanxiety, people tend to rely on
informal rules and norms.
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UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
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Hierarchical structures are thenorm: authority figures are
expected to provide protection,guidance and stability, employees
are expected to be loyal andcompliant (relationships are basedon dependence). Special treatmentis usually granted to insiders, whoare expected to bring honour to
the group they belong to.
Culture Clusters: the Confucian-Asia Cluster
POWERDISTANCE:
cultures in the Confucian-Asia cluster tend to score
high on the Power Distance Index: highly hierarchical and
male dominated, these societiesaccept unequal power
distribution. Authority is aconcept often linked to
both seniority and social status.
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Hall, E. T. (1959). “The Silent Language”. New York: DoubledayHall, E.T. (1966). "The Hidden Dimension", New York, NY: Doubleday Hall, E. T. (1976). "Beyond culture". New York, NY: DoubledayThe Globe Project, Online: https://globeproject.com/Chong, Calipe (2017). "Understanding China: An Insight into the History, Civilization,and On-going Transformation" (Independently published)Hofstede, Geert H. (1997). "Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (seconded.)". New York: McGraw-HillHerbert R. (1946). “The chrysanthemum and the sword : patterns of Japanese culture”.Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.Kluckhohn, F. and Strodtbeck, F. (1961). "Variations in value orientation". New York:Harper CollinsGudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1984). "Communicating with strangers: An approach tointercultural communication". New York: Random HouseHiebert, Paul G. (1985). ”Anthropological Insights for Missionaries”. Grand Rapids: BakerBook House
SOURCES
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