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Transcript of Conflicts over Domain Names Program of Instruction for Lawyers William Fisher June 25, 2004 © 2004....
Conflicts over Domain Names
Program of Instruction for LawyersWilliam FisherJune 25, 2004
© 2004. All rights reserved
Types of Domain-Name Disputes
Cybersquatting
Joshua Quittner registers “mcdonalds.com”
Typosquatting
Misrosoft.com
Conflicts between Competitors
Kaplan.com
Conflicts between Noncompetitors
Howard Johnson registers “howardjohnson.com”
Retailers
weber.com
Retailers
weber.com
webergrills.com
Commerical v. Noncommerical Users(Reverse Domain Name Hijacking)
pokey.org
Prima Toy Company
(December 2, 2000)
Fan Sites
Parody and Commentary
http://www.introducingmonday.com
http://www.introducingmonday.co.uk/
http://www.introducingmonday.com
http://www.introducingmonday.co.uk/
Initial Legal Responses
Types of Trademark Infringement
Types of Trademark Infringement
Identical Marks on Competitive Products
Types of Trademark Infringement
Identical Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Competitive Products
Axes and Factors in Assessing Likelihood of Confusion
Similarity of Appearance SQUIRT / QUIRST (for soft drinks)
Similarity of Sound Huggies / Dougies (for disposable diapers)
Similarity of Meaning Apple / Pineapple (for computer products) Good Morning / Buenos Dias (for bath
products)Marketing Environment
Types of Trademark Infringement
Identical Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Competitive Products
Types of Trademark Infringement
Identical Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Noncompetitive Products
Polaroid/McGregor Factors for Noncompetitive Products
Ultimate issue: likelihood of confusionStrength of the plaintiff’s markSimilarity of the two marksProximity of the two productsQuality of the defendant’s productLikelihood of the plaintiff “bridging the gap”Actual confusionDefendant’s “good faith”Sophistication of buyers of the productsGeneral equities
Varieties of “Consumer Confusion”
SourceEndorsement (e.g., Rolls Royce Radio Tubes)Post-sale (e.g., Ferrari)Initial Interest (e.g., Brookfield)
Types of Trademark Infringement
Identical Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Noncompetitive Products
Types of Trademark Infringement
Identical Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Noncompetitive Products
Dilution
Forms of Dilution (Clinique 1996) “Dilution by blurring occurs where ‘the defendant uses or
modifies the plaintiff's trademark to identify the defendant's goods and services, raising the possibility that the mark will lose its ability to serve as a unique identifier of the plaintiff's product.’ Like tarnishment, blurring is concerned with an injury to the mark's selling power and ‘need not involve any confusion as to source or sponsorship.’”
“Tarnishment may occur when the plaintiff's mark is used by the defendant in association with unwholesome or shoddy goods or services. Tarnishment may also result from an association with obscenity, or sexual or illegal activity, but is not limited to seamy conduct.”
International Development of Dilution DoctrineOriginates in Germany, (Odol 1925)Gradually expands in United States
Schecter, 1927 State anti-dilution statutes, 1947-present Federal Trademark Dilution Act, 1996
Slow introduction elsewhere Benelux countries, Germany adopt expansive doctrines EC Harmonization Directive (1988) and EC Community
TM Regulation (1993) are ambiguous• Benelux countries and France favor generous reading• England and ECJ resist
Types of Trademark Infringement
Identical Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Competitive Products
Similar Marks on Noncompetitive Products
Dilution
Applications of TM Infringement Doctrine to Domain NamesAmadeus Marketing (Italy 1997): TM owner must
prove operation of similar DN is directly confusing or damaging to TM
British Telecommunications (UK 1998): A DN incorporating a TM “shows an inherent tendency to confuse” consumers
Champagne Céréales (France 1998): A DN mimicking an unregistered TM creates excessive likelihood of confusion
Braunschweig (Germany 1997): DN incorporating name of a city creates likelihood of confusion
Problems
1) “Use in Commerce”?
2) Consumer Confusion?
3) Federal Dilution Doctrine only applies to “famous” marks
4) Judicial proceedings are slow and expensive
The New Legal Regime
Dispute-Resolution Systems
1) UDRP
2) Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
UDRP governs “Abusive Registrations and Use” of DNs
the domain name is identical or misleadingly similar to a trademark in which someone else has rights.
the holder of the domain name has no rights or legitimate interests in that domain name
the domain name has been registered and is used in bad faith.
http://www.icann.org/dndr/udrp/uniform-rules.htm
UDRP governs “Abusive Registrations and Use” of DNs
the domain name is identical or misleadingly similar to a trademark in which someone else has rights.
the holder of the domain name has no rights or legitimate interests in that domain name
the domain name has been registered and is used in bad faith.
http://www.icann.org/dndr/udrp/uniform-rules.htm
Examples of “Bad Faith”Circumstances indicate that defendant’s main
purpose was to sell DN to TM owner for more than the direct costs of registration
History of registering DNs to prevent TM owners from registering
Registering a DN in order to disrupt the business of a competitor
attempting to divert Internet users to Defendant’s site for commercial gain by creating confusion concerning source or sponsorship
Examples of “Legitimate Interests”
Pre-dispute use or demonstrable preparations to use the DN in bona fide offering of goods or services
Defendant was commonly known by the name
Legitimate, noncommercial or fair use of the DN without intent to misleadingly divert or tarnish
Coverage
All gTLDsAprx. 1/3 of ccTLDs
ProcedureComplainant picks forumRespondents have 20 days to respondNo additional submissions typically are permittedDecision within 14 days of appointment of panelist(s)Respondents default 50% of the timeRemedies:
Cancellation of the registration Transfer of the DN to the complainant
Losing respondent can postpone remedy by filing suit within 20 days
UDRP UsageAs of May, 2004, 9377 proceedings
Roughly 15,000 domain names (out of a total of aprx. 60,000,000 DNs of all sorts)
Rates of filing are declining graduallyMost of the DNs challenged under UDRP were
registered during the boom of early 2000WIPO is the most popular provider, and becoming
more so – aprx. 70% of the casesPlaintiffs win 71% of the time
See Convergence Center Database: http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/mhome.htm;
Mueller Report (6/24/2002): http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/markle-report-final.pdf
Mueller Report (6/24/2002): http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/markle-report-final.pdf
The End of the “Land Rush”?
From: http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/markle-report-final.pdf
The End of the “Land Rush”?
From: http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/markle-report-final.pdf
But registration of country-code TLDs continue to rise
Mueller Report (6/24/2002): http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/markle-report-final.pdf
UDRP UsageAs of May, 2004, 9377 proceedings
Roughly 15,000 domain names (out of a total of aprx. 60,000,000 DNs of all sorts)
Rates of filing are declining graduallyMost of the DNs challenged under UDRP were
registered during the boom of early 2000WIPO is the most popular provider, and becoming
more so – aprx. 70% of the casesPlaintiffs win 71% of the time
See Convergence Center Database: http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/mhome.htm;
Mueller Report (6/24/2002): http://dcc.syr.edu/markle/markle-report-final.pdf
Examples of “Bad Faith”Circumstances indicate that defendant’s main
purpose was to sell DN to TM owner for more than the direct costs of registration
History of registering DNs to prevent TM owners from registering
Registering a DN in order to disrupt the business of a competitor
attempting to divert Internet users to Defendant’s site for commercial gain by creating confusion concerning source or sponsorship
Examples of “Bad Faith”Circumstances indicate that defendant’s main
purpose was to sell DN to TM owner for more than the direct costs of registration
History of registering DNs to prevent TM owners from registering
Registering a DN in order to disrupt the business of a competitor
attempting to divert Internet users to Defendant’s site for commercial gain by creating confusion concerning source or sponsorship
Other forms of bad faithNo bad faith
30%
14%
9%
39%
15%14%
Source: http://udrp.law.cornell.edu/udrp/stats.php
Dispute-Resolution Systems
1) UDRP
2) Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
Dispute-Resolution Systems
1) UDRP
2) Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (UDRP on Steroids)
ACPA, 15 U.S.C. sec. 1125 (d)
TM owners have civil cause of action against defendants who, with bad faith intent to profit from the goodwill of a TM, register or use a DN that is: identical or confusingly similar to a distinctive
mark, or dilutive of a famous mark
ACPA, 15 U.S.C. sec. 1125 (d)
TM owners have civil cause of action against defendants who, with bad faith intent to profit from the goodwill of a TM, register or use a DN that is: identical or confusingly similar to a distinctive
mark, or dilutive of a famous mark
ACPA Factors
1. Does have IP rights in the DN?
2. Is the DN ’s legal or customary name?
3. ’s prior use of DN to offer goods/services
4. ’s prior noncommercial or fair use of DN
5. ‘s intent to divert business from and harm good will by causing likelihood of confusion
6. ‘s offer to sell DN – or habit of doing so
7. Did provide false contact information
8. Did acquire multiple DNs similar to TMs
9. How distinctive or famous is ’s mark?
Safe Harbor:
“Bad faith intent” shall not be found where the defendant “believed and had reasonable grounds to believe that the use of the domain name was a fair use or otherwise lawful”
Remedies
Injunctive Relief (retroactive)Damages (nonretroactive)Statutory Damages (nonretroactive)
$1000 - $100,000 per domain name
In rem jurisdictionRegistrars may sua sponte refuse to register
marks that they deem to violate the rules
Application of ACPAPeople for Ethical Treatment of Animals v.
Doughney (EDVa 2000): peta.org used for parody site: “People eating tasty animals” Links to leather-goods and meat websites
ACPA Factors
1. Does have IP rights in the DN?
2. Is the DN ’s legal or customary name?
3. ’s prior use of DN to offer goods/services
4. ’s prior noncommercial or fair use of DN
5. ‘s intent to divert business from and harm good will by causing likelihood of confusion
6. ‘s offer to sell DN – or habit of doing so
7. Did provide false contact information
8. Did acquire multiple DNs similar to TMs
9. How distinctive or famous is ’s mark?
PETA
1. Does have IP rights in the DN?
2. Is the DN ’s legal or customary name?
3. ’s prior use of DN to offer goods/services
4. ’s prior noncommercial or fair use of DN
5. ‘s intent to divert business from and harm good will by causing likelihood of confusion
6. ‘s offer to sell DN – or habit of doing so
7. Did provide false contact information
8. Did acquire multiple DNs similar to TMs
9. How distinctive or famous is ’s mark?
PETA
1. Does have IP rights in the DN?
2. Is the DN ’s legal or customary name?
3. ’s prior use of DN to offer goods/services ?
4. ’s prior noncommercial or fair use of DN ?
5. ‘s intent to divert business from and harm good will by causing likelihood of confusion
?
6. ‘s offer to sell DN – or habit of doing so
7. Did provide false contact information ?
8. Did acquire multiple DNs similar to TMs
9. How distinctive or famous is ’s mark?
Applications of ACPAPeople for Ethical Treatment of Animals v.
Doughney (EDVa 2000): peta.org used for parody site: “People eating tasty animals” Links to leather-goods and meat websites
Mattel v. Schiff (SDNY 2000): barbiesplaypen.com for commercial porn club
ACPA Factors
1. Does have IP rights in the DN?
2. Is the DN ’s legal or customary name?
3. ’s prior use of DN to offer goods/services
4. ’s prior noncommercial or fair use of DN
5. ‘s intent to divert business from and harm good will by causing likelihood of confusion
6. ‘s offer to sell DN – or habit of doing so
7. Did provide false contact information
8. Did acquire multiple DNs similar to TMs
9. How distinctive or famous is ’s mark?
Mattel
1. Does have IP rights in the DN?
2. Is the DN ’s legal or customary name?
3. ’s prior use of DN to offer goods/services
4. ’s prior noncommercial or fair use of DN
5. ‘s intent to divert business from and harm good will by causing likelihood of confusion
6. ‘s offer to sell DN – or habit of doing so
7. Did provide false contact information
8. Did acquire multiple DNs similar to TMs
9. How distinctive or famous is ’s mark?
Doctrines
Doctrines
UDRPACPATrademark
Infringement -- Likelihood of Confusion
Trademark Dilution
Unfair Competition
Doctrines Types of Conflict
UDRPACPATrademark
Infringement -- Likelihood of Confusion
Trademark Dilution
Unfair Competition
CybersquattingTyposquattingCompeting UseNoncompeting UseReverse Domain Name
HijackingRetailersFan SitesParody and Commentary
Doctrines Types of Conflict
UDRPACPATrademark
Infringement -- Likelihood of Confusion
Trademark Dilution
Unfair Competition
CybersquattingTyposquattingCompeting UseNoncompeting UseReverse Domain Name
HijackingRetailersFan SitesParody and Commentary
{}
Doctrines Types of Conflict
UDRPACPATrademark
Infringement -- Likelihood of Confusion
Trademark Dilution
Unfair Competition
CybersquattingTyposquattingCompeting UseNoncompeting UseReverse Domain Name
HijackingRetailersFan SitesParody and Commentary
{}
Doctrines Types of Conflict
UDRPACPATrademark
Infringement -- Likelihood of Confusion
Trademark Dilution
Unfair Competition
CybersquattingTyposquattingCompeting UseNoncompeting UseReverse Domain Name
HijackingRetailersFan SitesParody and Commentary
{}
Defects of UDRP
Complainant picks forumNo appellate processSimplified procedures ill suited to
complex casesArbitrators reach cases not intended
by the policy
General Problems
Unnecessarily complexUnpredictable outcomesTrademark owners have too much power;
domain-name owners too littleExcessive Impediments to Freedom of
Speech
Alternatives to the Current Legal Regime
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Alternatives
1)1) Improved UDRPImproved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible Remedies
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible RemediesDisputes assigned
randomly to licensed providers, or
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible RemediesDisputes assigned
randomly to licensed providers, or
Registrars pick providers (Mueller)
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible RemediesDisputes assigned
randomly to licensed providers, or
Registrars pick providers (Mueller)
Establish internal appellate process (loser pays)
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible RemediesDisputes assigned
randomly to licensed providers, or
Registrars pick providers (Mueller)
Establish internal appellate process (loser pays)
Add discovery system, or
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible RemediesDisputes assigned
randomly to licensed providers, or
Registrars pick providers (Mueller)
Establish internal appellate process (loser pays)
Add discovery system, or
Reduce jurisdiction
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible RemediesDisputes assigned
randomly to licensed providers, or
Registrars pick providers (Mueller)
Establish internal appellate process (loser pays)
Add discovery system, or
Reduce jurisdiction
Improved UDRP
Defects:Complainant picks
forumNo appellate processSimplified
procedures ill suited to complex cases
Arbitrators reach cases not intended by the policy
Innocent defaults
Possible RemediesDisputes assigned
randomly to licensed providers, or
Registrars pick providers (Mueller)
Establish internal appellate process (loser pays)
Add discovery system, or
Reduce jurisdiction$1000 bond (Mueller)
Alternatives
1)1) Improved UDRPImproved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2)2) More GTLDsMore GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Major gTLDs
.com and .net: 30,400,000
More gTLDs
Operator
.aero Aviation SITA
.biz Businesses NeuLevel
.coop Cooperatives dotCoop
.info Unrestricted Afilias
.museum Museums MuseDoma
.name Personal names Global Name Registry
.pro Professionals RegistryPro
Reducing Scarcity?
See Zittrain & Edelman at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/tlds/001/
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2)2) More GTLDsMore GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3)3) Eliminate protection for generic Eliminate protection for generic
domain namesdomain names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Trademark Doctrine: No protection for generic marks
Inherently generic marks E.g., Alaska Salmon; Convenience Store
Marks that become generic through use E.g., thermos, kleenex; lite beer
Basis of the rule: excessive threat to competition
Domain-Name practice currently deviates from this rule
Domain-Name practice currently deviates from this ruleTrademark owners are sometimes
able to control generic domain names E.g., crew.com
Domain-Name practice currently deviates from this ruleTrademark owners are sometimes
able to control generic domain names E.g., crew.com
Generic domain names are protected (by law) against “confusingly similar” domain names
E.g., E-cards.com vs. Ecards.com
Domain-Name practice currently deviates from this ruleTrademark owners are sometimes
able to control generic domain names E.g., crew.com
Generic domain names are protected (by law) against “confusingly similar” domain names
E.g., E-cards.com vs. Ecards.comGeneric domain names are protected
(by code) against identical domain names
Only one firm can use sex.com
Domain-Name practice currently deviates from this ruleTrademark owners are sometimes
able to control generic domain names E.g., crew.com
Generic domain names are protected (by law) against “confusingly similar” domain names
E.g., E-cards.com vs. Ecards.comGeneric domain names are protected
(by code) against identical domain names
Only one firm can use sex.com
Reversethis rule
Domain-Name practice currently deviates from this ruleTrademark owners are sometimes
able to control generic domain names E.g., crew.com
Generic domain names are protected (by law) against “confusingly similar” domain names
E.g., E-cards.com vs. Ecards.comGeneric domain names are protected
(by code) against identical domain names
Only one firm can use sex.com
Reversethis rule
Reversethis rule
Domain-Name practice currently deviates from this ruleTrademark owners are sometimes
able to control generic domain names E.g., crew.com
Generic domain names are protected (by law) against “confusingly similar” domain names
E.g., E-cards.com vs. Ecards.comGeneric domain names are protected
(by code) against identical domain names
Only one firm can use sex.com
Reversethis rule
Reversethis rule
Either:(a) Refuse registration, or(b) Mandatory index page(cf. Mattel v. Hasbro)
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3)3) Eliminate protection for generic Eliminate protection for generic
domain namesdomain names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4)4) Increased latitude for criticism and parodyIncreased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Increased Latitude for Criticism and Parody
Permit registration of all DNs whose critical purpose is apparent on their face E.g., verizonsucks.com; yahooka.com Doctrinal basis: not “confusingly similar”
Recognize criticism as a legitimate use under UDRP, ACPA, and dilution doctrine E.g., PETA case and Jews for Jesus case would
be decided differently
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4)4) Increased latitude for criticism and parodyIncreased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5)5) Return to first-come, first-servedReturn to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Return to first-come, first-served
Analogy to buying up rights to newly discovered valuable resource E.g., Edison and bamboo
Rely on the market to get DNs into the hands of firms best able to use them
Limit relief to the conduct of a website in a fashion likely to cause consumer confusion Cf. Amadeus
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5)5) Return to first-come, first-servedReturn to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6)6) Repudiate domain names altogetherRepudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Repudiate Domain Names
DNs are not essential to navigation of the Internet
Dispense with the system in favor of IP Addresses
Consumers will rely on search engines, links, and bookmarks
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6)6) Repudiate domain names altogetherRepudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7)7) Domain names naturally atrophyDomain names naturally atrophy
Domain Names Atrophy
Value of domain names may diminish naturally as search engines become more powerful and ubiquitous
Alternatives
1) Improved UDRP2) More GTLDs3) Eliminate protection for generic domain
names4) Increased latitude for criticism and parody5) Return to first-come, first-served6) Repudiate domain names altogether7) Domain names naturally atrophy
Who Won?
Who Should be Awarded These DNs?Registrant Complainant 3rd party
Webergrill.com BBQ Pit Weber
Crew.com Nat Cohen J.Crew
Peta.com People Eating Tasty Animals
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Kumbhmela.com Jaga Government of India
Southafrica.com Virtual Countries, Inc.
Government of South Africa
BruceSpringsteen.com Jeff Burgar Bruce Springsteen
Verizonreallysucks.com 2600 Magazine
Verizon
IntroducingMonday.co.uk B3TA Price Waterhouse Cooper Consulting
Actual WinnersRegistrant Complainant 3rd party
Webergrill.com BBQ Pit Weber
Crew.com Nat Cohen J.Crew
Peta.com People Eating Tasty Animals
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Kumbhmela.com Jaga Government of India
Southafrica.com Virtual Countries, Inc.
Government of South Africa
BruceSpringsteen.com Jeff Burgar Bruce Springsteen
Verizonreallysucks.com 2600 Magazin Verizon
IntroducingMonday.co.uk B3TA Price Waterhouse Cooper Consulting
Typical Winners in Cases of this SortRegistrant Complainant 3rd party
Webergrill.com BBQ Pit Weber
Crew.com Nat Cohen J.Crew
Peta.com People Eating Tasty Animals
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Kumbhmela.com Jaga Government of India
Southafrica.com Virtual Countries
Government of South Africa
BruceSpringsteen.com Jeff Burgar Bruce Springsteen
Verizonreallysucks.com 2600 Magazine
Verizon
IntroducingMonday.co.uk B3TA Price Waterhouse Cooper Consulting