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33 CONFINED SPACES

As of July 1, 2011, confined spaces on constructionprojects are regulated under Regulation 632ConfinedSpaces.

Before letting a worker enter a confined space, theemployer must develop a written confined space programmeeting the requirements of Regulation 632ConfinedSpaces. The employer must maintain the program.

ConfinedSpace ProgramAmong the first requirements for employers developing aconfined space program is the need to assess whichworkers will be entering the confined space and thereforewhich workers will need a copy of the confined spaceprogram.

Employers must provide a copy of the program to theconstructor of a project. In turn, the constructor mustprovide a copy of the program to the project's joint healthand safety committee or health and safety representative,if any. A copy must also be available to other employers towhich the program relates and every worker if there is noproject joint health and safety committee or health andsafety representative.

If workers from more than one employer will be enteringthe confined space, the constructor must prepare aconfined space coordination program. A copy of theconfined space coordination document must be providedto each employer who is performing work in the confinedspace and to the project's joint health and safetycommittee or the health and safety representative.

The confined space program can apply to one or moreconfined spaces.

Program elements must include

a method for recognizing each confined space a method for assessing the hazards to which workers

may be exposed a method for developing plans to control the hazards a method for training workers an entry permit system setting out measures and

procedures to be followed when working in a confinedspace.

RecognizingaConfinedSpaceA confined space is defined as a place

a) that is partially or fully enclosedb) that is not both designed and constructed for

continuous human occupancy, andc) where atmospheric hazards may occur because of

its construction, location, or contents, or because ofwork that is done in it.

All three criteria have to be met before a space is definedas a confined space. Here is more information on each ofthe criteria.

Partially or fully enclosedBecause air cannot move freely in and out of a partially or fully enclosed space, there is a potential for ahazardous atmosphere to be generated inside. This isespecially true for spaces such as vaults, tanks, pits,trenches, or manholes.

Not designed and constructed for continuous humanoccupancyConfined spaces are not designed or constructed forpeople to work in them on an ongoing basis. They areusually designed and constructed to store material,transport products, or enclose a process. Butoccasionally, some work must be done inside the space. Atmospheric hazards A hazardous atmosphere is one that contains any of thefollowing: an accumulation of flammable, combustible, or

explosive agents

less than 19.5% or more than 23% oxygen, or an accumulation of atmospheric contaminants that

could result in acute (short-term) health effects which a) pose an immediate threat to life, or b) interfere with a person's ability to escape unaided

from a confined space.

CONFINED SPACES

Coordination When workers of more than one employer performwork in the same confined space, the constructormust prepare a coordination document to ensurethat the various employers perform their duties in away that protects the health and safety of allworkers. A copy of the coordination document mustbe provided to each employer of workers who perform work in

the same confined space the project's joint health and safety committee or

health and safety representative.

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HazardAssessmentBefore each time that a worker enters a confined space, aperson with adequate knowledge, training and experiencemust perform a written hazard assessment. The name ofthe competent worker must appear on the assessmentand the employer must keep a record of the competentworker's qualifications. The hazard assessment must take into account

a) the hazards that may exist in the confined space b) the hazards that may develop while work is performed

inside the confined spacec) general safety hazards in the confined space.The person with adequate knowledge, training andexperience must sign and date the assessment and give itto the employer.If requested, the employer must give copies of theassessment and the qualifications of the person withadequate knowledge, training and experience to

the projects joint health and safety committee, or the health and safety representative, or every worker involved in the confined space entry if

the project has no joint health and safety committeeor health and safety representative.

The employer must review the assessment as often asnecessary to make sure that the plans remain adequate.For example, if the potential chemical hazard changesdue to a change in process or equipment use, then theassessment must be changed.

An assessment is generally required for each confinedspace. But if there are two or more similar confinedspaces containing the same hazards, then you need onlya single assessment document.

To perform a hazard assessment, you need to anticipatepotential hazards. Often, the hazards of working inconfined spaces are not recognized until it's too late.

For example:

A mixing tank was inadvertently started while aworker was inside.

A worker was killed by carbon monoxide gas from agasoline-powered pump used to drain a pit.

Because construction projects are not limited to newbuildings, confined spaces may be encountered in avariety of places. The following table describes typicalconfined spaces and the most common hazards foundthere.

Hazards in confined spaces can be divided into twodistinct categories: physical hazards and atmospherichazards.

CONFINED SPACES

If control measures (such as continuous mechanical ventilation) are used to ensure that the concentrations of anatmospheric hazard are controlled or maintained at an appropriate level (but not eliminated), then the space wouldstill be considered a confined space. If, however, measures are implemented to eliminate the possibility that anyatmospheric hazards may occur in a space, then the confined space provisions no longer need to apply.Eliminating the possibility that an atmospheric hazard will occur is different from controlling the hazard. If workersmust enter the confined space to eliminate the hazards (by steam-cleaning or vacuuming, for example), then theconfined spaces provisions apply.

EVERY CONFINED SPACE MUST BE THOROUGHLY ASSESSED AND EVALUATED BY A PERSON WITHADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE, TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE TO DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS POSSIBLE TOELIMINATE THE ATMOSPHERIC HAZARD COMPLETELY.

Even if a space is not defined as a confined space under the regulations, the employer must take every precautionreasonable in the circumstances to protect workers entering the space.

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PhysicalHazardsPhysical hazards often present a greater danger inside anenclosed space than they do outside.Examples:

Noise and vibrationAn enclosed environment can amplify noise. Excessivenoise can damage hearing and prevent communication. Itcan affect workers ability to hear alarms, warning shouts,or orders to evacuate.

Temperature extremesAsk plant personnel if workers could encounter dangeroustemperatures. For example, heat stress can be a hazardwhen working around boilers, hot pipes or tanks, orstructures heated by the sun. Protective clothing can alsoadd to heat stress.

Cramped work spaces Cramped work spaces restrict movement and can makeusing tools and equipment difficult and dangerous.

Poor access or exitConfined space openings are generally small and notwell-located. This can make entry and exit difficult andcan interfere with rescue.

Rotating or moving equipmentBefore entry, identify any moving or rotating equipment(such as conveyors, mixers, augers, etc.) which couldbecome activated by stored pressure, accidental contact,

CONFINED SPACES

Examples of confined spaces Common hazards

Chemical and petrochemical projectsTanks, vessels, storage tanks, underground tanks, pipes,sumps, pits, any area where a worker cannot readilyescape from a toxic or explosive atmosphere; any areawhere toxic, explosive, or oxygen deficient atmospheresmay be encountered.

Toxic and explosive gases, vapours and fumes; physicalhazards of cramped entry and exit, narrow passages,and chemical spills.

Sewage-handling systemsSettling tanks, sewers, manholes, pumping areas, septictanks, digesters.

Toxic and/or explosive atmospheres such as hydrogensulphide and methane; oxygen deficiencies.

Water treatment plantsSettling tanks, holding tanks, equipment and wells belowfloor level.

Oxygen deficiency, chlorine gases, ozone; also possiblymethane and hydrogen sulphide produced by decayingdebris removed from lake and river water.

Heavy industrial projectsSumps, pits, roasters, digesters, mixers, bins, flues,ducts, conveyors, elevators, bag houses.

The hazards will depend on processes and materialsinvolved but may include methane, hydrogen sulphide,oxygen deficiency, flammable agents, electrical hazards,moving parts, and engulfment due to free-flowingmaterials.

General constructionVaults, caissons.

Toxic materials such as carbon monoxide from temporaryheaters in low-lying areas; refrigerants; high-voltagetransmission equipment; physical hazards involving poorlighting and cramped working conditions.

Figure 1

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or gravity. Check with plant personnel on lockout andtagging procedures, and review drawings, plans, andspecifications.

Electrical hazardsAny exposed conductors or energized equipment shouldbe identified before entry. The presence of water inconfined spaces may pose an additional electrocutionhazard where electrical circuits, equipment, and tools areused.

Engulfment due to uncontrolled movement ofliquids and solids

Liquids, sludge, fine solids, and other material may not becompletely removed from confined spaces and maypresent an engulfment or drowning hazard. Useinspection ports and dipsticks, and check with plantpersonnel to evaluate such hazards.

Slick or wet surfacesYou can be severely injured from a slip or fall on icy, oily,wet, or moist surfaces.

LightingConfined spaces generally have poor lighting. You oftenneed temporary lighting. In potentially explosiveatmospheres, use lighting designed for such situations.

Atmospheric HazardsConfined spaces can present three kinds of atmospherichazards:

flammable, combustible, or explosive atmosphere

oxygen-enriched or oxygen-deficient atmosphere

atmospheric contaminants.The hazardous atmosphere may be due to existingconditions (e.g., residue in a tank,) or it may be created bythe work being done inside the confined space (e.g.,welding or using solvents). In some cases, removingsludge or scale can release trapped pockets of gas orvapour and create a hazardous atmosphere. Moreover,dangerous atmospheres often exist together. For instance,flammable, combustible or explosive atmospheres mayalso be toxic or cause an oxygen deficiency.

Flammable, Combustible, or ExplosiveAtmospheresFlammable atmospheres are generally caused by

evaporation of flammable liquids (e.g., gasoline) by-products of chemical reactions (e.g.,

decomposition of organic matter to form methane). Explosive atmospheres are those in which a flammablegas or vapour is present in quantities between the LowerExplosive Limit (LEL) and the Upper Explosive Limit(UEL). These limits define the Explosive Range whichvaries from one substance to another. (Refer to the

section Fire and Explosion Hazard of a materials MSDSfor fire- and explosion-related information.) The LEL is the lowest, and the UEL is the highestconcentration of gas or vapour that will supportcombustion. For example, gasoline has an LEL of 1.4%and a UEL of 7.6%. Below 1.4% there is not enough fuelto burn, while above 7.6% there is too much fuel and notenough oxygen to burn. (See Figure 2.)The most common explosive gas likely to be encounteredin sewers and other underground structures is methane ornatural gas produced by decaying garbage and sewage.

Other explosive gases and vapours may be present inconfined spaces depending on previous contents oraccidental spills and leaks (e.g., leaking fuel-storage tanksnear service stations).Explosive ranges for common gases and vapours arelisted in Table 1. These values must be considered whenselecting and operating gas-testing equipment.

Combustible atmospheres can arise in grain elevators,feed mills, and some industrial settings such as baghouses, because of the large quantities of dust generated.The most common combustible dust is grain or flourdustthere have been several explosions in grainelevators. You need to address this issue whenever you'reworking in these settings.

CONFINED SPACES

Figure 2

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Oxygen-Enriched and Oxygen DeficientAtmospheresNormal outside air contains about 21% oxygen. If theconcentration of oxygen exceeds 23%, it is consideredenriched. The primary concern with oxygen-enrichedatmospheres is the increased flammability of materials.Things that would only smoulder in normal air will burnvigorously in oxygen-enriched atmospheres.

Oxygen-enriched atmospheres are fairly rare inconstruction. They are usually associated with pureoxygen escaping from leaking or ruptured oxyacetylenehoses oron projects in industrial plantsfrom anoxygen line in an industrial or manufacturing process.

Oxygen-deficient atmospheres, on the other hand, arefairly common. They may result from work being done(such as welding), bacterial action (which consumesoxygen), or from chemical reactions (such as rusting).Oxygen may also be displaced by another gas or vapour(e.g., carbon dioxide or nitrogen used to purge tanks,pipe, and vessels). Table 2 lists the effects of oxygendeficiency.

Atmospheric ContaminantsBecause confined spaces are poorly ventilated,atmospheric contaminants can build up to hazardouslevels very quickly. For construction in an industrialsetting, the type of airborne hazard that may beencountered depends on

products stored in the confined space the type of work tasks performed in the confined

space work or processes being performed near the confined

space. The most common atmospheric contaminants inconstruction include hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide,sulphur dioxide, chlorine, and ammonia.

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a gas generated by thedecomposition of garbage and sewage. H2S can be foundin sewers, sewage treatment plants, refineries, and pulpmills. It is also found in many oil refineries since mostcrude oil in Canada has some H2S dissolved in it. H2S isvery toxic. A single breath at a concentration of about500700 ppm (parts per million) can be instantly fatal. Atvery low concentrations, H2S has the characteristic odourof rotten eggs. However, at about 100 ppm, it can deadenyour sense of smell and create the false impression thatno hazard exists. Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a very common toxic gas. Ithas no odour or taste and is clear and colourless. Carbonmonoxide poisoning can be very subtle and may causedrowsiness and collapse followed by death. A majorsource of CO in construction is the internal combustionengine used to power saws, scissor lifts, poweredtrowellers, generators, and forklift trucks. Even theserelatively small engines produce high levels of CO.

Heating in confined areas, particularly with propane,presents special hazards and requires special safeguards.

CONFINED SPACES

Gas/vapour LowerExplosiveLimit (%)

UpperExplosiveLimit (%)

Acetone 2.6 12.8

Ammonia 16.0 25.0

Benzene 1.3 7.1

Ethyl Alcohol 3.3 19.0

Gasoline 1.4 7.6

Hexane 1.1 7.5

HydrogenSulphide 4.0 44.0

Methane 5.0 15.0

Methyl Alcohol 7.3 36.0

Propane 2.4 9.5

Toluene 1.2 7.1

Xylene 1.1 7.0

Table 1Explosive Range for common gases

and vapoursOxygenconcentration Effect

19.5% Minimum for safe entry

Less than 18% Loss of judgment andcoordination

Less than 15% Loss of consciousness

Less than 12% Sudden collapse and loss ofconsciousness

Table 2Effects of oxygen deficiency

Never use pure oxygen to ventilate a confinedspace. Use clean air.

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Propane is heavier than air and can collect in low-lyingareas such as trenches, basements, and shaft bottoms.Propane can also be absorbed into clothing. Workersmust therefore use extreme caution in the event ofleakage or flame-out.

Direct-fired heaters release combustion emissions directlyinto the air where people work. Although carbon monoxide(CO) is the main concern, carbon dioxide (CO2) andnitrogen oxides may also be a problem.Traditionally, explosive blasting has been used for

demolition or breaking up rock. Blasting in a confinedspace can produce high levels of carbon monoxide. Youmust use mechanical ventilation and perform air testsbefore workers re-enter the blast area to ensure that thecarbon monoxide levels are within acceptable levels.

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a very irritating and corrosivegas with a strong sulphur-like odour which can be foundin pulp-and-paper mills and oil refineries.

Chlorine (Cl2) is another irritating and highly corrosivegas with a bleach-like odour used as a disinfectant inwater and sewage treatment plants and a wide variety ofother industrial settings.

Ammonia (NH3) is a fairly common chemical used as arefrigerant and in making fertilizer, synthetic fibres,plastics, and dyes.Hundreds of other toxic materials may be encountered infactories, chemical plants, and similar industrial settings.The best way to obtain information regarding thepresence or absence of toxic materials is to discuss theproposed work with the client and ask for the information.

FlammableProductsWhen using flammable materials in a confined space,take these precautions:

Provide adequate ventilation. Control sparks (use non-sparking tools) and control

other potential ignition sources. Extinguish all pilot lights. Use specially protected lighting. Have fire extinguishers handy.Contact cement is an example of a product with fire orexplosion potential when used in a small area with poorventilation. Workers have been killed from explosion andfire when they finished work and switched off the light in aroom where solvent vapours from contact cement oradhesives had accumulated.

AccumulationofContaminants BelowGradeTrenches, manholes, and low-lying areas may becomehazardous from leaking gases heavier than air, such aspropane, or from gases such as carbon monoxideseeping through the soil and into the confined space.

CONFINED SPACES

Adequate ventilation is absolutely essential whenyou cannot avoid using combustion engines inconfined spaces.

CO inatmosphere(parts per million)

Signs and symptoms

10 No symptoms

25

TWA (Time-weighted average):The maximum average amount aworker is allowed to becontinuously exposed to for awork day or work week.

70Blood vessels widen, shortnessof breath, tightness across theforehead

100STEL (Short-term exposure limit):The maximum amount a worker isallowed to be exposed to for a 15-minute period.

120 Shortness of breath, headachewith throbbing in temples

220Headache, irritability, tiredness,impaired judgment, impairedvision, dizziness

350520 Headache, confusion, fainting,collapse

8001220Unconsciousness, spasms,respiratory failure, death ifexposure continues

More than 2000 Rapidly fatal

Do not restrict ventilation by blocking openings

Blockedopening

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Accumulation ofContaminants in AreasNot Classified as Confined SpacesA variety of spaces can become hazardous because ofthe products being used or the work being done in them.These areas can be deadly even if they are not classifiedas confined spaces and even if the Confined SpaceRegulation does not apply.

Skylights, domes, and ceilings

Work is sometimes required within newly installedskylights where lighter-than-air gases and fumes mayaccumulate.

Workers should be aware of this hazard. At the first signof discomfort or disorientation, they should leave the areauntil it has been ventilated.

Workers feeling light-headed or experiencing headachesmay be inhaling these pollutants. Drowsiness ordisorientation can lead to falls. Again, leave the area untilit has been ventilated.

Underground mines, tunnels, and shafts

These spaces are intended for people to carry out work inthem (this work is covered by specific regulation). Thesespaces may present physical or atmospheric hazards.Many utilities are routed through tunnels or undergroundshafts where hazardous atmospheres may collect fromcontainers or operations above, or be created by utilityleaks (such as gas and oil). Work in shafts must be carefully planned. Because thework may be of short duration and require only atemporary platform, these jobs are often not given properattention.

In addition to the areas already described, beware ofapparently harmless areas such as basements, halls, andsmall rooms that can become dangerous when a lack ofventilation and hazardous materials or operationscombine to create atmospheric hazards.

CONFINED SPACES

Case studyA construction crew finished installing a 12-foot-deepmanhole without incident. After the crew left thearea, 265 pounds of nitroglycerin-based explosive in20 boreholes, each 18 feet deep, were detonated4060 feet from the manhole. A worker who enteredthe manhole 45 minutes after the explosioncollapsed within minutes, and two coworkersdescended into the manhole to rescue him. Onerescuer retrieved the unconscious worker beforecollapsing on the surface, and the other rescuer diedin the manhole.

An investigation determined that carbon monoxidereleased from the explosion had migrated throughthe soil into the manhole. Carbon monoxideconcentrations at the bottom of the manhole twodays after the incident were 1,905 ppm (parts permillion). This concentration was well above 1,200ppm, the concentration classified as ImmediatelyDangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). Tests followingventilation of the manhole showed that high levels ofcarbon monoxide reappeared as a result of continuedmigration from the surrounding soil. Subsequentmonitoring of the manhole showed a decline incarbon monoxide levels over the next 8 days.

If a worker can be injured by inhaling a hazardousgas, vapour, dust, or fumeor if there is anexplosion hazardthen you must provide adequateventilation by natural or mechanical means. If this isnot possible, then you must provide respiratoryprotection equipment suitable for the hazard.

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Plan for Controlling HazardsOnce the hazards have been identified in the assessment,a person with adequate training, knowledge andexperience must develop a plan to eliminate or controlthe hazards.

The primary objective of the plan is to eliminate thehazard before entry. If this is not possible, then controls,measures, and procedures must be put in place to ensurethat workers are not in danger.

If confined spaces are of similar construction and presentthe same hazards, a single plan can be used. Still, theindividual confined spaces must be identified in both thehazard assessment and the plan.

The plan is the program element with the most regulatoryrequirements attached to it. The regulation outlines 11mandatory requirements that must be contained in theplan:

1) Duties of workers2) Co-ordination document (prepared by the constructor)

if workers of more than one contractor enter the sameconfined space

3) On-site rescue procedures4) Rescue equipment and methods of communication5) Protective clothing and equipment6) Isolation of energy and control of material movement7) Attendants8) Adequate means of entry and exit (access and

egress)9) Atmospheric testing (conducted by a competent

worker)10) Adequate procedures for working in the presence of

explosive or flammable substances11) Ventilation and purging.

We address each of these 11 mandatory requirementsbelow.

1) DutiesofWorkersa) Do not enter or re-enter (if the confined space has

been left unoccupied and unattended) the confinedspace unless testing has been performed.

b) Know the hazards that may be faced upon entry.Know the routes of exposure (e.g., inhalation or skinabsorption), signs and symptoms, and long-termeffects of exposure.

c) Know how to use the equipment (including personalprotective equipment and tools) properly.

d) Maintain communication with the attendant so that theattendant can monitor your safety and be able to alertworkers to evacuate the confined space.

e) Alert the attendant whenever you recognize any warning sign or symptom of

exposure you see a dangerous condition an alarm is activated.

f) Get out of the permit space immediately whenever a warning system indicating a ventilation failure is

activated the attendant gives an evacuation order a worker recognizes any signs or symptoms of

exposure a person inside detects a dangerous condition an evacuation alarm is activated.

2) Co-ordination DocumentWhen workers of more than one employer perform workin the same confined space, the constructor must co-ordinate entry operations. The constructor must prepare aco-ordination document to ensure that the variousemployers perform their duties in a way that protects thehealth and safety of all workers entering the confinedspace.

A copy of the co-ordination document must be provided toeach employer of workers who perform work in theconfined space and the project's joint health and safetycommittee or health and safety representative.

CONFINED SPACES

A PERSON WITH ADEQUATE TRAINING,KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE

A person with adequate knowledge, training andexperience can include a worker, a supervisor, aconsultant, or anyone who hasin addition to theacademic knowledge of the task at handa hands-on knowledge in safety performing the work, aknowledge of the associated hazards, possiblecontrols and legal requirements needed in order toenact the necessary controls to protect the healthand safety of the workers in and about the confinedspace.

Each employer is responsible for the health andsafety of their own workers and for ensuringcompliance with the regulation.

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3) Rescue ProceduresThe confined space plan must include written proceduresfor safe onsite rescue that can be implementedimmediately in case of an emergency. An adequatenumber of people must be available to carry out therescue procedures immediately. They must be trained ina) the onsite rescue proceduresb) first aid and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)c) how to use the rescue equipment necessary to carry

out the rescue.

4) Rescue Equipment andCommunicationsThe rescue equipment must be readily available,appropriate for the confined space, and inspected by aperson with adequate knowledge, training andexperience. This person must keep a written record of theinspection. Examples of rescue equipment includeharnesses and lifelines, hoist/retrieval systems,respirators, and other personal protective equipment.

NOTE: You must consider the size of the confined spacesopening when choosing rescue equipment. There is nopoint planning for a rescuer to wear a SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) unit if it doesn't fit throughthe opening.

All too often, inadequate or incorrect emergency rescueresponse results in multiple fatalities. Here are twoexamples:

A worker collapsed shortly after entering a degassertank. His coworker went in after him and collapsed aswell.

A contractor went to test acid-tainted water and wasdiscovered by a worker floating in a well of the above-ground pump house. The worker went to his rescueafter calling 911 but was himself overcome. Twoparamedics responding to the call were also struckdown. All four victims died.

Even with the best planned and executed entry, there is achance of a sudden change in conditions. The changecould be due to factors recognized earlier but for which noabsolute protection exists, such as the failure of arespirator, the introduction of a new hazard, or collapsefrom heart attack or illness. In such cases, you need arescue plan that has been practiced and works.

5) Protective Clothing and EquipmentProtective clothing and equipment suitable for onesituation may not be suitable for others. For example,polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic is resistant to most acids,but it can be softened or penetrated by many commonsolvents such as benzene, toluene, and xylene.

For this reason, a knowledgeable person should assessthe protective clothing and equipment needed (e.g.,gloves, boots, chemical suits, fire resistant coverallsaswell as hearing, respiratory, eye, and face protection).Don't forget that if workers need personal protectiveequipment, they must be trained in its use.

Respiratory protective equipment should be usedwhere ventilation is impractical or inadequate. Certainbasic rules apply to the equipment.

First of all, you need to select the proper type ofrespirator. Oxygen-deficient atmospheres requiresupplied-air respiratorseither airline types withemergency reserves or SCBA (self-contained breathingapparatus). (See Figure 3.)

In toxic atmospheres, you must use supplied-airrespirators if the concentration of the gas or vapourexceeds the level considered to be ImmediatelyDangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), or if the concentrationis unknown.

CONFINED SPACES

Dialing 911 is not a sufficient rescue response.

SCBAnote: Because the amount of air supply instandard SCBA cylinders is rated for a specific timeperiod, it is very important to plan your tasks,especially rescue operations, accordingly. Heavywork and stress will increase breathing rates andworkers will use up the air in less than the ratedtime. An alarm sounds when the air supply is low.

Remember, rushing into a confined space to helpyour buddy who is laying on the ground will likelyresult in your own death. Rescuers are no good tothe victim if they also become victims. Many cases ofmultiple fatalities involve would-be rescuersovercome because of inadequate preparation.

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When the level of toxic gas or vapour is above theexposure limit but below the IDLH level, air-purifyingrespirators approved by the National Institute ofOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) may be used,provided the exposure conditions do not exceed the unit'slimitations. Someone who is competent in respiratorselection must determine the appropriate type ofrespirator.

Workers required to wear respirators must be instructedhow to properly fit and maintain them. (For moreinformation on respiratory protection, refer to the chapteron Respiratory Protection, or the Canadian StandardsAssociations standard Z94.4-2011, Selection, Use, andCare of Respirators.)

6) Isolation of Energy and Control ofMaterial MovementEquipment that moves in any way (even rotation) must beisolated by disconnecting the equipment from its power source

and de-energizing the equipment, or lockout and tagging. Only workers trained in lockout

and tagging should perform such operations. Lockoutand tagging should be done even if you use the firstoption (disconnect and de-energize) to isolate theenergy.

For pneumatic or hydraulic equipment, isolate the powersource and depressurize the supply lines. Depressurizeany components that may still be pressurized after thesupply lines have been bled (e.g., hydraulic cylinders).You must disconnect and drain pipes carrying solids orliquids to or from a confined space, or insert blankflanges. (See Figure 4.)

If the pipe cannot be blanked off or disconnected, thevalve may be closed, chained, locked and tagged,provided thatthis type ofcontroland itsimportancehave beenexplained to allworkers in thearea. Simplyclosing valvesis notgenerallyacceptable.

You may need blocking toprevent movement causedby gravity for someequipment (e.g.,conveyors). Electrical equipment in thespace should bedisconnected, tagged andlocked out, and groundedwhen it's practical to do so(Figure 5). In the case of live electricalwork in a confined space,you need to pay specialattention to standardprocedures. A minormistake in a manhole can lead to disaster.

Cramped working conditions can make accidental contactwith an energized conductor more likely, so you may neednon-conductive equipment.

You may need gloves, mats, and other insulatingequipment depending upon the type of work. Capacitorsor other components which can store a charge should bedischarged and/or grounded.

CONFINED SPACES

Do not use single-strap dust masks and surgicalmasksthey are not approved by NIOSH. NIOSH isa U.S.-based organization that approves respirators.Workers must be supplied with NIOSH-approvedrespirators only. All NIOSH-approved respiratorshave an approval number (always starting with theletters TC) on them.

Make sure your respirator has all the proper parts.Since each manufacturer uses different designs,parts are not interchangeable between brands. Makesure you use the correct parts (cartridges, aircylinders, etc.) for your brand of respirator. Neveruse cartridges or air cylinders from anothermanufacturer. They will not fit correctly and willendanger the life of the worker or rescuer.

Figure 3:Supplied-Air Respirations

Figure 4

Figure 5

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7) AttendantsAn attendant must be present whenever a worker enters aconfined space. The attendant is not allowed to enter theconfined space, unless he or she is replaced by anotherattendant in accordance with the plan.

The attendant must

remain alert outside and near to the entrance be in constant communication (visual or speech) with

all workers in the confined space monitor the safety of workers inside the confined

space provide assistance as necessary be provided with a device for summoning help in case

of emergency, and initiate an adequate rescue procedure in case of an

emergency.

8) Entry and Exit (Access and Egress)The means of entry and exit can be evaluated beforeentry by checking drawings, by prior knowledge, or simplyby inspection from outside the space.

Confined space openings are generally small and not welllocated. These small openings must be considered in therescue plan since they restrict the movement of workersand equipment in and out of confined spaces.

Entry and exit for top-side openings may require ladders.Ladders must be well secured. Performing an emergencyrescue on workers trapped in such areas requires carefulplanning and practice.

9) Atmospheric TestingIf the hazard assessment determines that there is anatmospheric hazard in the confined space, you mustperform atmospheric testing.

1) The employer must appoint a person with adequatetraining, knowledge and experience to performadequate tests safely before and during the time aworker is in a confined space to ensure thatacceptable atmospheric levels are maintained. Theperson who will perform the tests must receivetraining in the operation, calibration, and maintenanceof the instruments. Most manufacturers can providenecessary training.

2) If the confined space has been left unoccupied andunattended, you must perform the testing again.

3) The person with adequate training, knowledge andexperience performing the tests must use properlycalibrated and maintained instruments appropriate forthe hazards in the confined space.

4) Results of every sample of a test must be recordedon the entry permit. If continuous monitoring isperformed, test results must be recorded at adequateintervals.

Gas detection instruments

Gas detection instruments can take many formspersonal or area, single-gas or multiple-gas detectors,detectors with dedicated sensors, or those withinterchangeable sensors.

CONFINED SPACES

The attendant is not allowed to enter the confinedspace to perform a rescue even after help hasarrived unless he or she is replaced by anotherattendant in accordance with the plan.

Gas detectioninstruments

Personalmonitor

Area monitor

Single gasmonitor

Multi-gasmonitor

Definedsensors

Interchangeablesensors

Figure 6

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If a monitor is wornby the worker, it isreferred to aspersonalmonitoring.Personal monitoringgives informationabout theconcentration ofhazardoussubstancessurrounding the worker. It is particularly useful when theworker is moving from place to place within the confinedspace.

Area sampling is done before entry or re-entry. As muchof the confined space area as possible should be tested,including the bottom, mid-level, top, and corners.

Single-gas detectors measure only one gas whereasmulti-gas monitors are available with several toxic sensoroptions and have the flexibility of measuring many gasessimultaneously. Most multi-gas monitors include anoxygen sensor, aflammable/combustible gassensor, and one or twosensors for detectingspecific toxic gases. Newersingle and multi-gasinstruments offer theflexibility of interchangeablesensors. You can changethe sensors to suit theapplication in hand. For example, a single-gas detectorused to check hydrogen sulphide levels can be used tomonitor carbon monoxide concentrations after you changethe sensor.

Key steps to follow when you suspect adangerous atmosphereSelect the appropriate type of calibrated instrumentsfor the hazards identified in the assessment. You must understand the characteristics of the work areain order to choose the right instruments. Different types ofconfined spaces present different kinds of toxic gashazards. There are hundreds of different toxics gases orvapours. You need a familiarity with the characteristics ofthe confined space in order to narrow down thepossibilities and choose equipment.

You must use a calibrated monitor that is capable ofmeasuring the hazardous atmosphere found in theconfined space. For example, if a propane heater is beingused inside a confined space, then you need calibratedmonitors capable of measuring oxygen levels, carbonmonoxide, and combustible gases.

You must calibrate, maintain, and use the equipmentin accordance with the manufacturer'srecommendations.If the meter is not properly calibrated, you cannot relyupon its results. Death can occur if the instrumentunderestimates the atmospheric conditions.

CONFINED SPACES

WARNING: Combustible gas detectors should notbe used to assess toxic atmospheres. Mostcombustible gas detectors do not respond to lowconcentrations of gases. For example, H2S isflammable from 4.3% to 44%. But it is ImmediatelyDangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) at 100 parts permillion (0.01%) and would not be detected at thisconcentration by most combustible gas detectors.Most other toxic gases that are also flammable aredangerous in concentrations well below the LEL.

Most confined-spaceinstrumentmanufacturers nowoffer "docking"stations that canautomaticallycalibrate instrumentsand print a record ofcalibration. Thestations also rechargeand store theinstruments.

33 13

Perform the tests safely. Entry into a confined space must be prohibited before theappropriate tests are performed. Atmospheres should beevaluated remotely (from outside the confined space)before each entry. If possible, an extendable probe shouldbe inserted through an inspection port or other openingbefore removing large doors or covers.

Make sure that as much of the space as possible istested, including the bottom, mid-level, top, and corners,so that you don't miss layers or pockets of bad air. (SeeFigure 7.) There are some gases that are lighter or heavier than air.Lighter gases, such as methane, will accumulate at thetop, while gases heavier than air will sink to floor level.Gases that are the same weight as air, such as carbonmonoxide, will be found throughout a confined space.

Check for oxygen content, combustible or explosivegases and vapours, and toxic gases and vapours inthat order if you use more than one meter.First, check for oxygen content. Checking oxygen first isimportant because you may need adequate oxygen to geta valid result from other tests.

If the oxygen level is adequate, test for explosiveatmospheres. Several different calibration gases areavailable. Methane is used most frequently since it is acommon gas found in many places. But you can getdevices calibrated for propane, hexane, heptane, oralmost any other combustible gas. These devices give a

result expressed as a percentage of the lower explosivelimit (LEL) for the calibration gas used. The next thing to check for is the presence of toxic gasesand vapour using a calibrated instrument.

If you're using a multi-gas monitor capable of measuringoxygen, combustibles, and toxic gases simultaneously,then the order of testing is not as critical.

All three types of dangerous atmospheres must beevaluated before entry. Users of gas detectors must becompetent workers. They must also receive training in theoperation, calibration, and maintenance of the devices.Most manufacturers can provide necessary training.

You may need to monitor the atmospherecontinuously.

Continuous monitoring in a confined space is requiredwhile hot work is being performed in a potentiallyflammable or explosive atmosphere or where theflammable or explosive atmosphere has been renderedinert by adding an inert gas. It should also be consideredwhen conditions in the confined space change rapidly.

If continuous monitoring is performed then test resultsmust be recorded at regular intervals.

Most confined space instruments have data-loggingcapabilities. Data-logging is useful for compliance andrecord-keeping purposes. If an accident or unusual eventhappens, data-logging may be useful for demonstratingdue diligence.

Interpret the results.

There may be other gases present in the confined spacethat interfere with the reading for the gas you are trying tomeasure. Such gases are referred to as interferinggases. They can lead to misinterpretation of themonitoring results.

If the atmosphere meets acceptable exposure limits, theconfined space may be entered. If the atmosphere doesnot meet acceptable limits, you need to implementcontrols before anyone can enter.

CONFINED SPACES

Always test for the three dangerous atmospheres:

too much or too little oxygen combustible or explosive gases or vapours toxic gases or vapours.

Know the limitations of your specific equipment.Consult the manufacturer's instructions for properuse.

Temperature, humidity, and interfering gases can allaffect the performance of gas monitors.

Figure 7

33 14

If measurements are within acceptable exposure limits butare approaching hazardous levels, the competentworkers decision to proceed should be based on anassessment of the source of the problem, the likelihood ofchange, and the conditions at the scene. In doubtfulcases, it is best to implement the appropriate controlsdiscussed in the following section.

Recording the results.

The test results must be recorded on the work entrypermit. The records must be kept by the constructor oremployer for at least one year after the project is finished.

10) Explosive, or Flammable SubstancesNo worker is allowed to enter a confined space if airbornecombustible dust or mist is present in a concentrationsufficient for explosion. If an explosive or flammableatmosphere is detected, you can perform only certaintypes of work. The conditions for each type of work arespecified below the following definitions.

a) Between 0% and 5% of the LEL, you can perform hotwork. The following conditions must also be met: The oxygen content must be maintained below

23%.

The atmosphere must be continuously monitored. The entry permit must include adequate

provisions for hot work, and it must specify theappropriate measures to be taken.

An alarm and exit procedure must be in place toprovide adequate warning and allow safe escapeif the atmospheric concentration exceeds 5% ofthe LEL or if the oxygen content exceeds 23%.

b) Between 0% and 10% of the LEL, you can performcold work.

c) Between 0% and 25% of the LEL, you can performinspection work.

Alternatively, work may be carried out in the confinedspace if the explosive or flammable atmosphere isrendered inert by an inert gas (such as nitrogen, argon,helium, or carbon dioxide). The atmosphere must be monitored continuously toensure it remains inert. The worker in the confined space

must use adequate respiratory equipment as well asadequate equipment to help people outside the confinedspace locate and rescue the worker if a problem occurs.

CONFINED SPACES

Acceptable atmospheric levels

Explosive orflammable gasor vapour

< 25% of its lower explosive limit:inspection work can be performed.

< 10% of its lower explosive limit:cold work can be performed. (Coldwork is work which does not involve welding and cutting the use of tools or equipment

which can produce a spark other sources of ignition.)

< 5% of its lower explosive limit: hotwork can be performed.

Oxygen content At least 19.5% but not more than23% by volume.

Exposure toatmosphericcontaminants

Exposures to atmosphericcontaminants must not exceed whatis reasonable in the circumstances.

The exposure limits in theregulation on Control of Exposureto Biological or Chemical Agents(O. Reg 833) and the DesignatedSubstance Regulations* (O. Reg.490) are generally consideredreasonable for protecting workers.

* This is the case despite the fact that construction projects are, strictly speaking, exempt from Regulation 833 and most of theDesignated Substance Regulations. (The Designated SubstanceRegulation which does apply to construction is O. Reg. 278/05:Designated SubstanceAsbestos on Construction Projects and inBuildings and Repair Operations.)

Never trust your senses to determine whetherthe atmosphere in a confined space is safe.

You cannot see or smell many toxic gases andvapours.

You cannot determine by your senses the levelof oxygen present.

Know which gases or vapours may be present inthe confined space and test for them.

Inerting is the process of replacing the potentiallycombustible atmosphere in a confined space with anoncombustible gas such as nitrogen, argon, helium,or carbon dioxide.

Hot work means activities that could produce asource of ignition such as a spark or open flame.Examples of hot work include welding, cutting,grinding, and using non-explosion-proof electricalequipment.

Cold work means activities that cannot produce asource of ignition.

33 15

11. Ventilation and Purging This is the most effective method of control. The spacecan be purged of dangerous atmospheres by blowingenough fresh air in, and/or by removing (or suction-venting) the bad air and allowing clean air in. Studieshave shown that the best results are obtained by blowingfresh air into a space close to the bottom. Check theefficiency of ventilation by re-testing the atmosphere withthe gas detection equipment before entry.

When ventilation is used to improve the air in a confinedspace, ensure that the toxic or flammable gases orvapours removed from the space do not pose a risk toother workers. Exhaust air should not be discharged intoanother work area.

In cases where theconcentration ofexplosive gas or vapouris higher than the UEL,ventilation will bring theconcentration down intothe Explosive Range.This is one reason whyyou should use onlyexplosion-proof fans.These may be speciallydesigned fans poweredby electricity orcompressed air. Somepneumatic air moversmay also be suitable.

For manholes, you canuse portable fans. Theseusually provide around750-1,000 cubic feet ofair per minute.

A typical manhole 10 feetdeep and 5 feet widecontains 196 cubic feet.Blowing in 750 cubic feet

per minute should provide an air change every 15seconds and easily dilute or displace most dangerousatmospheres.

Fans capable of moving 5,000 cubic feet per minute areavailable for use in larger tanks and vessels.

This type of ventilation may not be adequate in situationswhere additional toxic or explosive gases or vapours maybe generated (e.g., during cleaning and resurfacing tanksor by disturbing sludge and scale).In the case of welding or other work which generates alocalized source of toxic gas, fume, or vapour, an exhaustventilator can be used to draw out and discharge thehazard in an open area. (See Figure 9.)Options must be evaluated by someone who understandsthe risks of the work being done.

CONFINED SPACES

The inert gas will replace all of the oxygen as wellas the combustible gases in the confined space.Workers entering the confined space should useNIOSH-approved air-supplied respirators. Afterwork is completed, the confined space must beproperly ventilated, and a competent worker musttest the confined space to see if it is safe.

If you use mechanical ventilation to maintainacceptable atmospheric levels by providing acontinuous supply of fresh air, you must have awarning system (i.e., an alarm) and exit procedure incase there is a ventilation failure. The alarm shouldbe activated by a pressure switch at the fan ratherthan by electrical failure. This ensures that the alarmis activated if the fan belt fails.

Figure 8

Figure 9

33 16

Worker TrainingWorkers must be trained before they enter a confinedspace. The training must include recognizing the hazards (including potential hazards)

in the confined space safe work practices, including the use of all

equipment such as ventilation equipment, airmonitors, and personal protective equipment.

It is strongly recommended that the employer use an evaluation procedure (a test) to

ensure that workers have acquired the knowledgenecessary to safely perform their duties

inexperienced workers team up with experiencedworkers.

You must review the content of the training at leastannually, and whenever there is a change incircumstances such as a change in an industrial process.If the review indicates that the training is not adequate,you must provide additional training.

You must keep a record of the names of trainers, trainees,as well as the date of training. If the projects joint healthand safety committee or health and safety representativewants a copy of the record, you must provide one.

Entry PermitsPermits are valuable tools for planning, evaluating, andcontrolling confined space entries.

A permit involves a formal system of procedures and isissued by the employer before any worker enters theconfined space. A competent person must verify that thepermit issued complies with the plan before every shift.The duration of an entry permit must not exceed the timerequired to complete the task. Entry permits should beunderstood by everyone involved in the job and must bereadily available to every person entering the confinedspace.

At the very least, the entry permit must include

the location and description of the confined space a description of the work a description of the hazards and the corresponding

controls

the time period for which the entry permit applies the name of the attendant a record of each worker who enters and leaves a list of the equipment required for entry and rescue,

and verification that the equipment is in good workingorder

the results of the atmospheric testing additional procedures and control measures if hot

work is to be done.

The entry permit may also include

a record of the hazard assessment the hazard control plan the training records.

(See Sample Confined Space entry permit.)

CONFINED SPACES

Unauthorized entry

The constructor must ensure that each entrance tothe confined space is secured against unauthorizedentry and/or has adequate barricades or signswarning against unauthorized entry.

33 17

RecordkeepingThe employers must keep records of every plan assessment coordination document training entry permit record of rescue equipment inspection record of tests.

The records must be kept for at least one year after theproject is finished, and they must be available forinspection.

CONFINED SPACES

See next few pages for a decision tree for confined space entry a sample confined space entry permit.

33 18

CONFINED SPACES

DECISION TREE FOR CONFINED SPACES

Is there more than oneemployer involved in

the entry?

No

Yes

The employer must give acopy to the constructor.

The constructor, in turn, must provide a copy to: the projects JHSC or HSR

other employers involved workers involved if there is no project JHSC or HSR.

Employer must ensure that a person with adequate training, knowledge and experience prepares a written assessment.

On request, a copy must be given to the projectJHSC or HSR, or workers if no project JHSC orHSR exists.

No

A person with adequate training, knowledgeand experience must prepare written plan.

Constructor must prepare a coordination document.

The employermust prepare awritten program.

Workers must be trained to perform work in accordance with the plan.

The employer must issue an entrypermit before any worker enters the confined space.

The entry permit must be verified before each shift by a person with adequate training, knowledge andexperience.

The entry permit must be available to every person entering the confined space.

Before any worker enters the confined space, written procedures and rescue equipment must be in place.

Rescue equipment must be inspected by aperson with adequate training, knowledgeand experience.

The employer must ensure that workers entering the confined space are provided with adequate protective clothing and PPE.

The employer must ensure that workers are protected against the release of hazardous substances contact with electrical energy contact with moving parts hazards associated with free-flowing material.

Before a worker enters a confined space, an attendant must be assigned stationed outside and near the entrance in constant contact with the workers inside provided with a device for summoning an adequate rescue response.

The constructor must ensure that the confined space is secured against unauthorized entry.

Before a worker enters a confined space, a person with adequate training, knowledge and experience must perform atmospheric testing.

Do tests indicate a hazardous atmosphere ?

Is the location a confined space?

No

Yes

Entrance permitted.

A copy of the co-ordination document must beprovided to each employer who performs work in thesame confined space and to the projects joint healthand safety committee (JHSC) or health and safetyrepresentative (HSR), if any.

and make copies available to:

Entrance permitted provided all applicable regulations are followed. For example, if a worker may be injured by inhaling a hazardous gas, vapour, dust, or fume, or there is an explosion hazard, then adequate ventilation must be provided by natural or mechanical means. If this is not practical, then respiratory protective equipment suitable for the hazard must be provided.

Yes

To n

ext

pag

e

33 19

CONFINED SPACES

The hazardous atmosphere contains or is likely to contain an explosive, flammable, or combustible dust, mist, gas or vapour.

No worker is allowed to enter or remain in a confined space if there is an airborne concentration of dust or mist sufficient for explosion.

The hazardous atmosphere contains or is likely to contain an atmosphere where the oxygen content is less than 19.5% or greater than 23%; or there is an accumulation of gases, vapours, fumes dust, or mist that can cause an immediate threat to life or prevent unaided escape out of the confined space.

Can the hazardous atmosphere be purged and vented?

No

Yes

If mechanical ventilation is required, you need a warning system and exit procedure in case of ventilation failure.

Yes

Can all of the following conditions be met? The hazardous atmosphere

can be rendered inert by adding an inert gas and it can be continuously monitored to ensure it remains inert.

The workers can use adequate respiratory protective equipment.

Adequate rescue equipment can be provided so that the person outside can locate and rescue the worker.

Other equipment can be provided as necessary to ensure the workers safety.

Entrance permitted.

Entrance permitted. Entrance permitted only if workers use adequate

respiratory protective equipment

adequate rescue equipment is provided so that the person outside can locate and rescue the worker

other equipment is provided as is necessary to ensure the workers safety.

No worker is allowed to enter or remain in the confined space unless, for each of the following types of work, certain conditions are met while performing the work.

For inspection work For cold workFor hot work

Entrance permitted only if the atmospheric

concentration is monitored continuously

the entry permit provides for control measures for hot work

an alarm system and exit procedures are provided.

Is the concentration of flammable or explosive gasless than 5% of its Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and

the oxygen content less than 23%?

Yes

Entrance permitted only if the hazardous atmosphere is

rendered inert by adding an inert gas and it can be continuously monitored to ensure it remains inert

the workers use adequate respiratory protective equipment

adequate rescue equipment is provided so that the person outside can locate and rescue the worker

other equipment is provided as is necessary to ensure the workers safety.

No

Entrance permitted only if a worker can perform cold work that does not create a source of ignition.

There is an airborne concentration of dust or mist which is sufficient for explosion.

No

The hazardous atmosphere contains an explosive or flammable gas or vapour.

Is the concentration of flammable gas or vapour less

than 10% of its LEL?

Yes

Entrance permitted only if a worker can perform inspection work that does not create a source of ignition.

Yes

Is the concentration of flammable gas or vapour

less than 25% of its LEL?

No No

Or

Or

YesFrom previous page

33 20

CONFINED SPACES

Sample confined space entry permitEmployer name ____________________________ Project name __________________________________

Date ______________________________________ Permit end time ________________________________

Assessment performed by __________________ Permit start time ________________________________

Location of confined space (or spaces if they are similar)

Description of confined space (or spaces if they are similar)

Description of work to be performed

Monitoring equipment

Air testing equipment Serial # Last calibrated

Air quality results

Test # Test # Test #1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Time of test

Oxygen %

Combustibles %

Atmospheric hazard:

Atmospheric hazard:

Atmospheric hazard:

Other:

Testers name ______________________________ Signature ______________________________________

Location: Location: Location:

33 21

CONFINED SPACES

Controls

Atmospheric hazards Hazard controls Personal protective (existing or introduced) equipment (type)

Hot temperature

Cold

Noise

Electricity

Vibration

Slippery surface

Lighting

Working at height

Moving machinery

Influx of liquid

Influx of gas

Hazard above

Other:____________

Ventilation

De-energize, lockout

Blank, disconnect

GFCI cords

Lighting

Other:_________________

Hearing protection

Anti-vibration gloves

Other gloves: ____________

Goggles

Fall protection

Other:___________________

Flammable

Toxic

Corrosive

Oxygen deficient

Oxygen enriched

Other:__________

Purge using mechanicalventilation equipped withwarning device in case offailure.

Natural ventilation (re-test/air quality)

Continuous monitoring

Other:________________

Respirator ____________________

Gloves ________________________

Boots ________________________

Coveralls ______________________

Eye protection__________________

Other: ________________________

Physical hazards Hazard controls Personal protective equipment (type)

Attendant

Attendants name __________________________ Signature ______________________________________

Communications

Method of communication with workers Method of communication to summon rescue

__________________________________________ ____________________________________________

33 22

CONFINED SPACES

Hot work (complete if hot work will be conducted)

Will space be rendered inert by adding inert gas? Yes No

If yes, ensure the following.

Space is monitored continuously to ensure it remains inert

Worker(s) entering use adequate respiratory equipment. List equipment:_____________________

There is adequate equipment to allow persons outside to locate and rescue worker. List

equipment: __________________________________________________________________________

There is other equipment necessary to ensure safety of worker. List equipment: __________________________________________________________________________________________________

If no, ensure the following.

Onsite rescue

Training

Adequate number of trained persons are available to implement rescue procedures

Names of workers approved

for entry

Has confinedspace

training

Trained in the entry plan

Time of entry Time of exit

Tripod Harness Winch/cable Other:_________________________________________

List of equipment required for entry

Appropriate rescue equipment has been inspected and isin good working order:

Appropriate rescueequipment is readilyavailable to be usedfor a rescue

Flammable gas ismaintained below 5% ofits LEL by purging andcontinuous ventilation.

O2 content ismaintainedbelow 23%.

Atmosphere willbe monitoredcontinuously.

Alarm and exit procedures are inplace should the LEL exceed 5%

or the O2 exceed 23%.

Supervisors name __________________________ Signature ______________________________________

Respirator Coveralls

Rescue Plan