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HST I 2009 - 2010

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Structure and Function

• Primary function of the endocrine system– To produce hormones that monitor and

coordinate body activities

• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

• Two classes of hormones:– Nonsteroid – Steroid

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Structure and Function (Continued)

• Three categories of hormones:– Tropic hormones

• Target other endocrine structures to increase growth and secretions

– Sex hormones • Influence reproductive changes

– Anabolic hormones• Stimulate the process of building tissues

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Figure 18-1 The Endocrine System

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Glands and Their Hormones

• Hypothalamus– Structure located above the pituitary gland – Translates nervous system impulses into

endocrine system messages

• Pituitary gland (master gland)– Produces the hormones that regulate the

secretion of other glands

• Pineal body– Produces the hormone melatonin – Pea-shaped located in the brain

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Glands and Their Hormones

(Continued)• Thymus

– Produces the hormone thymosin that stimulates the lymphoid organs to produce T-lymphocytes or antibodies in newborns and young children

• Thyroid– Produces hormones that regulate body

metabolism – Butterfly shaped

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Glands and Their Hormones (Continued)

• Parathyroid– Four tiny glands attached in the back of

thyroid gland– Secretes parathyroid hormone, which affects

the amount of calcium in the blood

• Pancreas– Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon

• Insulin regulates transportation of sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids into the cells.

• Adrenal glands– Produce about 30 hormones

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Glands and Their Hormones

(Continued)• Gonads

– The primary sex glands • Female: ovaries produce estrogen and

progesterone• Male: testes produce hormone testosterone

• Prostaglandins – Known to decrease blood pressure, cause

fever, increase hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach, increase uterine contraction during pregnancy, and influence intestinal peristalsis

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Hormonal Changes of Puberty

• Adrenal gland secretes the hormones that begin the development of secondary sexual characteristics

• In a man, the voice deepens and facial hair begins to grow

• In a woman, the breasts enlarge and fatty tissue is deposited around the hips

• In both men and women height and weight increase

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Hormonal Changes of Pregnancy

• The placenta, or interfacing organ between the fetal and maternal circulation, produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

• Increased estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries are maintained until the placenta begins to produce these hormones

• Progesterone increases the mobility of the pelvic and lower back bones to allow the birthing process

• The pituitary and thyroid glands increase in size, resulting in a higher metabolic rate

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Disorders of the Endocrine System

• Acromegaly – An enlargement of the bones of the hands,

feet, and jaws

• Addison's disease – Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones

produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland

• Cretinism – Condition resulting from a congenital

deficiency of thyroid secretion or hypothyroidism

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Disorders of the Endocrine System

(Continued)• Cushing’s syndrome

– Disorder that causes hyperactivity of the adrenal glands, which is triggered by the oversecretion of the pituitary hormone ACTH

• Diabetes insipidus– From an acquired or inherited decrease in

the antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary

• Diabetes mellitus – A disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein

metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas

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Table 18-2 Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

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Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued)

• Dwarfism – Results from hyposecretion of the growth

hormone of the pituitary gland, which has been caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or trauma

• Gigantism – An excessive growth of the long bones

caused by hypersecretion of the somatotropic hormone

• Graves’ disease – Caused by hyperthyroidism or

thyrotoxicosis

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Disorders of the Endocrine System

(Continued)• Hyperparathyroidism

– Causes hypercalcemia, an increased calcium blood level

• Hypoglycemia – Results from increased insulin production

by the pancreas

• Hypoparathyroidism – A decreased secretion of parathyroid

hormone that causes tetany

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Disorders of the Endocrine System

(Continued)

• Hypothyroidism– Also called Hashimoto's disease, results

from an insufficient production of thyroxine

• Goiter- an enlargement of the thyroid gland

• Virilism – Results from increased secretion in the

adrenal glands

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Issues and Innovations

• Steroid abuse– Causes problems for men such as stunted

growth, liver tumors, and decreased sperm production

– Causes problems for women such as loss of menstrual cycle and baldness

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Careers

• Endocrinologist• Nuclear Medicine Technologist

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Medical TermsRoot word: aden(o) – denoting the glands

• Adenitis inflammation• Adenoblast immature or

embryonic cell• Adenoid like, resembling• Adenoma tumor, swelling• Adenodynia pain, ache

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Medical TermsRoot word: adren(o) –

denoting the adrenal glands

• Adrenomegaly enlargement

• Adrenopathy disease• Adrenalectomy

excision,removal• Adrenotoxin poison• Adrenokinetic

movement,stimulation

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Medical TermsRoot word: thyr(o) – denoting

relationship to the thyroid glands

• Thyrocele tumor, swelling

• Thyropenia decrease, deficiency

• Thyroiditis inflammation• Thyro toxic osis poison

condition, disease• Hypo thyroid ism less, deficient

state or condition

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Assignment: Xtranormal

For this unit we will be making our own cartoon movie that discusses information about one of the disease processes covered in the power point.

• Students will be able to choose which disease or condition they would like depicted in their Xtranormal. This will be a paired project and will be due on Monday April 19, 2010.

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Instructions• Find two websites to obtain

information regarding the disease process, which you will use to write your script.

• Be sure to include the following information:- Definition of disease- Population it affects (Who are most likely to get this disease?)- How the disease is diagnosed- Treatment options- Complications from disease- Signs and Symptoms of the disease

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• Write out script. Make it something creative and entertaining but also educational.

• Once your script has been approved, go to www.Xtranormal.com or www.goanimate.com and sign up for a free account.

• Make sure your movie meets the following specifications.

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Criteria

• Movie must be at least 2 minutes long 25 points

• Must include info stated previously for script. 50 points

• Must be grammatically correct. 10 points

• Must be creative, do not want repetition of info, make a story. 15 points (Total 100)

• Must be completed and ready for viewing at the beginning of class on Monday April 18, 2010.