Conference: ICT for Language Conference: ICT for Language Learning, 5th editionLearning, 5th edition

A Synoptic Juxtaposition of Cognate Languages – European

Integration through Multilingualism

_______________________________________________________

dr Piotr Wahl

2

The gift of tongues

On the Pentacost the Holy Spirit descended on the Apostoles and they were given the gift of tongues.

A typical Western image of the Pentecost. Duccio di Buoninsegna (1308), tempera on wood.

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost

3

The gift of tongues

George Steiner ("After Babel"): was it glossolalia or xenoglossy?

γλωσσολαλία (glossolalia) = γλώσσα 'tongue' + λαλέω 'to speak'; speaking the sacred Pre-Babel language understood by everybody

Ξενογλωσσία (xenoglossy) = ξένος 'foreign' + γλώσσα; speaking all possible languages

4

Multilingualism

glossolalia + xenoglossy

(two different facets of the same phenomenon)

=

multilingualism

5

Multilingualism...

(1) is quite unevenly distributed geographically;

(2) is very differently treated in various parts of the world and by various groups of people.

6

Multilingualism

In the world: there are not more than 200 countries and much more than 2,000 languages

(according to some sources there may be even 10,000 languages).

Less than a quarter of the world's nations give official recognition to two languages, and only six recognize three or more.

7

Multilingualism...

...is commonly burdened with two fallacies:

(a) geographically it is a limited phenomenon, and

(b) multilinguals are somewhat handicapped.

Both are false!

8

Multilingualism...

(a) Up to 70% of the world's population may be multilingual;

(b) multilinguals are intellectually much richer.

Conclusion:multilingualism should be supported & promoted

How?(1) through a special language policy;(2) by teaching foreign languages.

9

Achieving native speaker’s competence

language acquisition

≠

language learning

The native speaker’s competence

=

the C2 level according to Common European Framework of Reference for

Languages

10

Language acquisition vs language learning

The (Chomskyan) LAD (language acquisition device) + some critical periods or thresholds.

The LAD = an innate linguistic matrix in which any language may be inscribed.

'innate' = 'genetically recorded information'. This innate linguistic matrix is activated gradually

when some windows are opened; the time when each of these windows stays open is called 'critical period'. When the windows get closed, i.e. the critical periods are over, the acquisition of another language becomes much more difficult, if not impossible.

11

Learning foreign languages in Europe:

3 years at kindergarten...12 years at primary and secondary

schools...4-5 years at university...

Altogether, up to 20 years.

Can the majority of the European Can the majority of the European population speak one or more foreign population speak one or more foreign languages fluently?languages fluently?

12

Teaching foreign languages

The answer is:

No.No.

Logically enough, there appears a question:

Why is it so?Why is it so?

The explanation is obvious

(almost tautological):

Because the existing methods are not Because the existing methods are not efficient.efficient.

13

Teaching foreign languages

An ensuing conclusion seems equally obvious:

a new, more efficient method must be a new, more efficient method must be looked after.looked after.

* * *

There may be a method that meets this requirement: thethe Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

14

The method called 'synoptic' because the languages taken for analysis are juxtaposed in the same way the Books of New Testament have been since 1774 (and called 'synoptic Gospels'). The juxtaposed languages collated so that to emphasise the differences and similarities between them.

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

15

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

The grammar is operational and consists of 6 sets: 1) phonetic, 2) semasiological, 3) morphological, 4) lexical, 5) syntactic simple, 6) syntactic complex;and four vertical intralingual functions: 1) morphological, 2) lexical, 3) syntactic simple, 4) syntactic complex.

16

Synoptic MethodSynoptic MethodThe infralingual functions, the 'inside-a-language'

functions, combine elements of a lower level into units of a higher level up to the finite message.

Synoptic switching between languages possible due to the five horizontal interlingual functions:

1) phonetic, 2) morphological, 3) lexical, 4) syntactic simple, 5) syntactic complex.

17

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

The interlingual functions, the 'between-languages' functions, transform units of one language into units of another language at the same level; for example, at the lexical level the interlingual functions can transform Spanish words into the Portuguese ones, and vice versa, which may be transcribed in the following way:

FSPN→PORL and FPOR→SPNL;

FSPN→PORL = {f1(habilidad) = habilidade; f2(acusación) =

acusação; f3(noche) = noite;...;

fn(x) = y}

18

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

If another language added – let it be French – the number of the functions of the first order amounts to six:

FSPN→PORL and FPOR→SPNL; FSPN→FRNL and FFRN→SPNL; FFRN→PORL and FPOR→FRNL;and to n functions of the second order:

{fSPN→POR1(habilidad) = habilidade; fPOR→FRN1(habilidade) = habilité; fSPN→FRN1(habilidad) = habilité;...}; {fSPN→POR2(acusación) = acusação; fPOR→FRN2(acusação) = accusation; fSPN→FRN2(acusación) = accusation;...}

19

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

The interlingual lexical functions may be compacted to several dozen ones of the 3rd order:

{fSPN→POR1(~dad) = ~dade;

fPOR→FRN1(~dade) = ~té;

fSPN→FRN1(~dad) = ~té;...};

{fSPN→POR2(~ción) = ~ção;

fPOR→FRN2(~ção) = ~tion;

fSPN→FRN2(~ción) = ~tion;...}...

20

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

The functions of the first order – not operational. There may be up to one million interlingual lexical

functions of the second order (as it is in the case of the English language);

these may be compacted to just several dozen ones of the third order.

The same may be done at the other levels: phonetic, morphological and syntactic (simple and complex).

It is a complicated and time-consuming process to record one million bits of information, and so is the process of their retrieval; it is much easier if the number of the bits is reduced to several dozen. The act of speaking is momentaneous and the human mind may be unable to manage the system of functions of the second order.

21

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

The Synoptic Method already applied to a group of languages: Spanish, Portuguese and French; and tested on two groups of students.

The results, is spite of being preliminary and still not quantified, indicate an enormous increase in the effectiveness compared to the existing mainstream methods:

using the latter it takes 480 hours to achieve the B2 level in one language and 1440 in three languages, whereas with the use of the Synoptic Method the B2 level in three languages may be arrived at after 320 hours, i.e. 4.5 times faster.

22

Synoptic MethodSynoptic Method

Existing mainstream methods compared to the Synoptic One:

Level

Existing mainstream methods Synoptic Method

One language Three languages

hours

cumulativehour

scumulati

vehours

cumulative

A1 120 120 360 360    

A2 120 240 360 720    

B1 120 360 360 1040    

B2 120 480 360 1440   320

23

Synoptic MethodSynoptic MethodThe theory: Piotr Wahl; Metoda synoptyczna. Nowa wizja języka

etnicznego w aspekcie teoretycznym i aplikacyjnym (Synoptic Method. A New Vision of Natural Languages...); 2011; Szczecin University; Szczecin; ISBN 978-83-7518-313-9; 283 pages.

An example how it may be applied to a group of languages: Piotr Wahl; Synoptic Description: Spanish, Portuguese,

French; 2010; Szczecin University; Szczecin; vol. 1,446 pages (ISBN 978-83-62355-38-9); vol. 2,450 pages (978-83-62355-39-6).

24

The European Union’s linguistic policy

The EU's 23 official languages may be divided into: the Romance ('Neo-Latin') languages: French, Italian,

Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish; the Germanic languages: Danish, Dutch, English,

German, Swedish; the Slavonic languages: Bulgarian, Czech, Polish,

Slovak, Slovenian; the Finno-Ugric languages: Estonian, Finnish,

Hungarian; the Baltic languages: Latvian, Lithuanian; the miscellaneous group: Greek, Irish, Maltese.

25

The European Union’s linguistic policy

The Romance languages native speakers could be taught the other 4 Romance languages;

the Germanic languages native speakers – the other 4 Germanic languages;

and the Slavonic languages native speakers – the other 4 Slavonic languages.

In the Schengen space the state borders no longer exist, however they do exist mentally, they are real 'scars of history'; the Synoptic Method could heal these scars.

26

Towards an all-European identity

A change in university curricula; for example, instead of:

the history of Spain, the history of Portugal, the history of France, the history of Italy

(which are sometimes contradictory),

there would be one comprehensive history of the Neo-Latin area.

27

Glossolalia

The semasiological set contains the meanings alone, deprived of any forms.

If such meanings could be transmitted from one human mind to another, the gift of

glossolalia

(the gift of speaking the pre-Babel language) would become conceivable.

28

Xenoglossy

The Chinese character for 'woman' is:

女 .

This character will induce in anybody who can read the Chinese characters, irrespective of what language they are native speakers of, an image of a woman; thereby, xenolossy

(the gift of speaking all the languages) becomes conceivable.

29

Glossolalia & Xenoglossy

The final conclusion: thanks to the Synoptic Method the Biblical

gifts of glossolalia and xenoglossy

become imaginable, and there is just one step from what is imaginable

to what is feasible.

30

Piotr Wahl may be contacted at:

Akademickie Centrum Kształcenia Językowego (Szczecin University’s Linguistic Centre), Ul. Wawrzyniaka 15, 70-392 Szczecin, Poland.

website: www.ackj.pl e-mail: wahl3@wp.pl