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CONDUCTORS, SEMI

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORSElectronics

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FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

For the electric current to flow from one end to

another there must be some medium for it.

These mediums may be Copper, Steel,Aluminum, Rubber, Wood etc.

These mediums must fall into three categories

i.e. Conductors, Insulators and SemiConductors.

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CONDUCTORS

Any material which allows electric current to

pass through it is called Conductor.

Examples of Conductors are Copper, Steel,

Aluminum or any metal.

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Copper

AluminumSteel

Any Metal

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INSULATORS

Any material which does not allow the current to

flow through it is called an Insulator.

Examples of Insulators are Rubber, Wood,

Plastic, Glass etc.

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Plastic Rubber

WoodGlass

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USES OF INSULATORS

Insulators such as Rubber and Plastic are used

as a coating on the copper wires so they can be

held by hand safely

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SEMI CONDUCTORS

These are also called Resistors.

Semi Conductors or Resistor is a material or a

device that allows some current to pass throughit and resists the other.

These Semi Conductors are devices used in

appliances which convert the electrical energyinto the required useful energy such as light

energy (bulb), sound energy (musical

instruments) etc.7

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BONDINGSCovalent Bond

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BONDING BETWEENATOMS

The atoms tend to achieve nobel gas

configuration i.e. they want to complete their

octet.

For this purpose atoms borrow electrons fromnearby atoms in different ways which are called

bonds.

There are different types of bonds between atoms

like Ionic Bond and Covalent Bonds.

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HOW DOES IT BOND?

For Example Chlorine (Cl2) forms a covalent

bond between itself like this

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Cl Cl

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SEMI CONDUCTORSN-type and P-type Semiconductors

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N-TYPE SEMI CONDUCTORS

In the semiconductors, the atoms are gone

through the process ofdoping i.e. either extra

electron is given to the atom from some source or

some electrons from that atom are shared to

some other source, to increase the conductivity or

resistivity of that semiconductor.

The N-type semiconductors are those which have

electrons are in excess in their atoms.

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P-TYPE SEMI CONDUCTORS

The P-type semiconductors are those which have

electrons are in deficiency i.e. they carry holes at

the deficient electron places in their atoms.

The P-type semiconductors carry a negativecharge (-), while the N-type carry a positive

charge.

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THE DIODEElectronics

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DEFINITION

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic

component that conducts electric current in only

one direction.

A diode is a specialized electronic component withtwo electrodes called the anode and the cathode.

Most diodes are made with semiconductor

materials such as silicon, germanium.

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