Conditional sentences

If the bank (lend) …… us money, we’ll invest it in new machinery.

When/if inflation goes up, there (be)...... usually pressure on salaries.

If you (take)…… more exercise, you might feel better.

If our side had been better prepared, we (succeed) …… in the negotiations.

If you (order)…… on the Net, we always send an email confirmation.

LENDS

ORDER

COULD/WOULD HAVE SUCCEEDED

TOOK

IS

1. Did the newspapers really _________ the outcome of the election?

2. We tried exporting to China, but with little _________.

3. The poor weather this summer ___________certainly the grape harvest.

4. Any change in lifestyle will have an _________ on your health.

5. There have been many efforts ______________ reconciliation between the warring factions.

AFFECT

EFFECT

WILL CERTAINLY AFFECT

EFFECT

TO EFFECT

Insert the appropriate forms of AFFECT (v.) or EFFECT (n., v.):

Re-write these sentences so that the meaning stays the same but the emphasis changes:

1. You shouldn’t under any circumstances sign this contract! Under__________________________.2. I rarely go out these days. Rarely _________________________.3. I had hardly gone out when the phone rang. Hardly ____________________________.4. Something like this could happen nowhere else but in this

country! Nowhere __________________________.5. We began to show a profit only last year. Not until ___________________________________.

NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD YOU SIGN THIS CONTRACT!

DO I GO OUT THESE DAYS.

HAD I GONE OUT WHEN THE PHONE RANG.

ELSE BUT IN THIS COUNTRY COULD SMTH. LIKE THIS HAPPEN!

LAST YEAR DID WE BEGIN TO SHOW A PROFIT

Complete the blank with the suitable forms of DO or MAKE:

It's been great ________________ business with you.

They ________________ a loss last year and are likely ________________ people redundant as a result.

We ____________________ progress this year. He ________________ research into consumer

attitudes. We usually ________________ very little

advertising.

DOING

MADE

TO MAKE

HAVE MADE

HAS DONE

DO

•If you (not reduce) _______________your overdraft, the bank will start legal proceedings.

•The company should have followed its initial development plans if the recession (not hit) ________________the real estate market so hard.

•If I had more complete information, I (be able to ) ___________________ make a decision.

•If the situation (not improve) ______________significantly next year, the bank will have to consider closing some of its branches.

•In this company they (not mind) ______________really if you arrive late.

DON’T REDUCE

HADN’T HIT

WOULD BE ABLE TO

DOESN’T IMPROVE

DON’T MIND

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Insert the correct form of Do or Make.

• 1 OK, shall we ……… a start? • 2 I’m sorry but if you wish to continue ……… business

with us you’ll have to ……… better than this.• 3 We have been invoiced twice for the same order. You

must have ……… some mistake.• 4 We couldn’t have ……… the tests last week because

we didn’t have the samples then.

1 OK, shall we MAKE a start? 2 I’m sorry but if you wish to continue DOING business with us you’ll have to DO better than this.3 We have been invoiced twice for the same order. You must have MADE some mistake.4 We couldn’t have DONE the tests last week because we didn’t have the samples then.

5 This photograph ……….. her justice, because she’s really very beautiful.6 He ……… economics at London university for the last two years.7 We never ……… such a profit as this year.8 People can eat more healthily without ………major changes to their diet.

5 This photograph DOESN’T DO her justice, because she’s really very beautiful.6 He HAS BEEN DOING economics at London university for the last two years.7 We HAVE never MADE such a profit as this year.8 People can eat more healthily without MAKING major changes to their diet.

Insert the appropriate forms of AFFECT (v.) or EFFECT (n., v.):

1. I will try not to let his words _________ me.2. The ________of the storm will not be clear for

years.3. Changes should _____________ until the

appointment of the new MD.4. We’ll try not to let this breach of contract ______

us. 5. We wanted ____________ payment as soon as

possible. 6. East German companies were suffering the

adverse ___________ of German economic union.

affect

effects

be effected

affect

to effect

effects

1. There are no circumstances where audience members may consume alcohol.

Under no circumstances …

MAY AUDIENCE MEMBERS CONSUME ALCOHOL. 

2. Nobody has won so many matches for his team since 1994.

Not since …

1994 HAS ANYONE WON SO MANY MATCHES.  

3. We won't consider you for the basketball team until you grow up.

Not until …

YOU GROW UP WILL WE CONSIDER YOU FOR THE BASKETBALL TEAM. 

Re-write these sentences so that the meaning stays the same but the emphasis changes:

4. The gang didn't know that the police had them under surveillance. Little … DID THE GANG KNOW THAT THE POLICE HAD THEM UNDER SURVEILLANCE.5. You can't use my car at any time. At no time …CAN YOU USE MY CAR.   6. They started to argue soon after they had got married. No sooner … HAD THEY GOT MARRIED THAN THEY STARTED TO ARGUE.

RECAP

TENSES CONDITIONAL SENTENCES PREPOSITIONS INVERSION (NEGATIVE ADVERBS) COLLOCATIONS: MAKE vs DO NEGATIVE PREFIXES RAISE vs RISE vs ARISE COST/ COSTING/ COSTLY AFFECT vs EFFECT FOREIGN PLURALS