(1) We need to know the ancient Earth’s atmosphere (& Mars, Venus) Estimate the history of atmospheric escape from data OR make guess from exoplanets or Titan.

(2) We need to know what kind of bio-molecules can be formed in different space conditions.

(3) We need to know the survival condition for bio-molecules & microorganisms in space.

Condition for the life emergence?

Transport of life in space?(4) Understanding vehicle (asteroid, comet, meteor)

Be informal and informing way

Today, we exchange views of

Plasma aspect

Chemical aspect

Biological aspect

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Role of ionosphere in escape

very little role essential role no exampleIonopause pressure (PB) balances with both SW dynamic pressure (PD=swvsw

2) &ionospheric plasma pressure PP (= ikTi)

Increase in FUV (Texo) Psw BSUN MeV e-

Jeans & Photo-chemical (H, He)

+++ for H+ same same (+?)

Hydrodynamic (all) ++ (regime change)

same same +

Ion pick-up (H, He) (++?) #1 ++ + (same?)

Wave and E// (all) (++?) ++ ++ +++

Momentum transfer (all)

(+?) (++?) (++?) (same?)

O/H ratio of escape +? (#2) (+++?) (+?) (++?)

#1) depending on relative extent of ionosphere and exosphere#2) because non-thermal > thermal for Earth-sized planet

expected O/H ratio of escape

Need to add Nitrogen (& N/O ratio) (A) Formation of many pre-biotic molecules is most likely related

to the amount and the oxidation state of N (NH3, N2, NOx) in the ancient Earth (Miller and Urey, 1959).

(B) One cannot use the present abundance of N, O, H as the ancient value.

(C) Abundance of N is quite different between planets * Earth: 75% of atmospheric mass * Venus ~ 2.5 times as much as the Earth (3% of Patom.Venus) * Titan ~ 1.5 times as much as the Earth (98% of Patom.Titan) * Mars ~ only 0.01% of the Earth (O is abundant)

• High ionopause during solar maximum for both Venus and Mars.

• Frequent SEP (during solar maximum) probably caused high balance altitude by heating of the ionosphere.

Ionopause vs. SW/IMF (minor)

(d) strong (stable) IMF no change as long as SW PD > SW PB

(e) variable IMF lower balance altitude (by cancellation of B)

• High SW PD decreases the altitude of pressure balance.

The ancient condition is this extreme.

Ionopause vs. EUV/FUV (major)