Concrete 683115 Concrete Cement Sand Gravel Water.
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Transcript of Concrete 683115 Concrete Cement Sand Gravel Water.
![Page 1: Concrete 683115 Concrete Cement Sand Gravel Water.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cf15503460f949c0515/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Concrete
683115
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Concrete•Cement
•Sand
•Gravel
•Water
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Portland Cement• A dry powder made from
limestone and is usually packaged in bags containing 1 cubic foot and weighs 94 pounds
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Portland Cement•When mixed with water, it forms the “glue” to hold the aggregate together
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Fine Aggregate•Sand
•It should be clean of clay, silt, and organic matter
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Course Aggregate•Gravel and rocks over ¼” in diameter
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Water•Should be clean
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Concrete TrucksMost concrete is delivered by trucks to the construction site as ready-mixed concrete
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Mortar•Does not contain coarse aggregates and is used to join bricks or blocks
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Cement• Although many people
call concrete “cement”, cement is the powdered material and concrete is the mixture of ingredients
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Weight•150 -160 lbs. per cubic foot
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Slump•Stronger concrete requires less slump
•The consistency or wetness of the mixture
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Slump• If concrete has too much
slump (is too wet), adding aggregate such as sand and gravel will correct the problem
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Uniformity• Is thoroughly mixing all
ingredients so that the “glue” which is wet cement will be around all sand and gravel particles (aggregates)
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Workability•Refers to the ease with which concrete can be placed and shaped
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Ratio•Expressed as a three digit number
•Example: 1,2,3
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Ratio• The first number is parts
of cement
• Second number is parts of fine aggregate (sand)
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Ratio• The third number is parts
of large aggregate (gravel)
• Parts may be shovels full, pounds, cubic feet, etc.
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Ratio• Less sand, gravel, and
water are used for the same amount of water to make concrete stronger
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Hand Mixing•May be done in a wheelbarrow or mixing box (mortar box) by using a shovel or hoe
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Hand Mixing• Add sand and then
cement and mix thoroughly
• Then add and mix gravel
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Hand Mixing•Last thing to add is water and mix well
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Machine MixingUses a concrete or mortar mixer
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Machine MixingFirst, add about 10% of water needed so that ingredients will not stick to mixer
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Demonstrate Concrete Skills
6831.16
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Form•A wood or metal structure that confines concrete to the desired shape until it hardens
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Form•Trenches are dug in the ground for footings of buildings, and the soil walls are the forms
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Form•Wood or metal can be used
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Form• When wood is used,
2” X 4”, 2” X 6”, 2” X 8” and other 2” size lumber is used because forms must not bend or warp and must be braced to prevent movement
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Form• In warm weather, forms
should stay in place 2 to 3 days and twice that long if weather is cold
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Pour or Place• Concrete should be
poured or placed as evenly as possible in the forms to prevent having to move it
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Finishing•Bringing the surface of concrete to the proper grade and smoothness
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Finishing• Screeding is using a
straightedge such as a 2” X 4” board to level concrete with top of form
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Finishing•Bull float is used to impact the concrete at the surface and to make it easier to finish
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Finishing•Texture of the finishing tool will determine smoothness of concrete surface
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Finishing• Wood float, stiff broom,
or burlap will make a gritty, non-slip surface for floors, driveways, or walkways
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Finishing•For a very smooth surface, a steel cement finishing trowel should be used
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Reinforcement• Needed because concrete
has low tensile strength and high compressive strength
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Reinforcement•This means it has low stretch and high compaction
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Reinforcement•Helps equalize and prevent cracking or breaking
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Reinforcement• Clean steel rods or bars
called rebar and clean welded wire are used in concrete for reinforcement
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Estimating Materials• Cubic yards equal length in
feet multiplied by width in feet multiplied by thickness in feet divided by 27, which is the number of cubic feet in a cubic yard
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Estimating Materials• Note: thickness of
concrete is usually in inches and will need to be changed to a fraction of a foot
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Estimating Materials
•Examples: 3’ = ¼ foot, 4” = 1/3 foot, 6” = ½ foot
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Estimating Materials• Example: How many
yards of concrete are needed to pour a driveway 100’ long, 8 feet wide, and 3” thick?
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Estimating Materials•Formula:Cu. yds. = 100X8X1/4= 200= 7.41 27 27
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Estimating Materials• Example:If concrete is purchased in only
whole yards and 10% should be allowed for waste and uneven ground level, how much ready mixed concrete should be ordered?
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Estimating Materials
•7.41 X 10% = 8.15 To get the right amount, 9 cubic yards must be purchased
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Treat With Oil• Wood and metal forms
should be treated with oil and wet down with water before concrete is poured
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Treat With Oil•Oil makes the forms easier to remove and water will prevent swelling
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Bleeding• Water rising to the top
surface of concrete poured in tall or deep forms is called bleeding
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Bleeding• This problem can be
corrected or reduced by pouring concrete slower and by using a stiffer or less watery mix