Conclusion
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Conclusion Future Studies Bibliography "Biofuel Development Shifting From Soil to Sea, Specifically to Marine Algae." ScienceDaily 4 Jan. 2009. Chisti, Yusuf. "Biodiesel from Microalgae." Elsevier 25 (2007): 294-306. ScienceDirect. 13 Feb. 2007. Cox, Peter, Richard Betts, Chris Jones, Steven Spall, and Ian Totterdell. "Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model." Nature 408 (2000): 184-87. 9 Nov. 2000. Fan, S., M. Gloor, J. Mahlman, S. Pacala, J. Sarmiento, T. Takahashi, and T. Tans. "A Large Terrestrial Carbon Sink in North America Implied by Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Data and Models." ScienceMag 5355th ser. 282 (1998): 442-46. 16 Oct. 1998. Princeton University. "First Economical Process for Making Biodiesel Fuel from Algae." ScienceDaily 31 Mar. 2009. Hossain, Sharif, Aishah Salleh, Amru N. Boyce, Partha Chowdhury, and Mohd Naqiuddin. "Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy." American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 4 (2008): 250-54. University of Malaya. Hu, Qiang, Milton Sommerfeld, Eric Jarvis, Maria Ghirardi, Matthew Posewitz, Michael Seibert, and Al Darzins. "Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances." The Plant Journal 54 (2008): 621-39. 20 Feb. 2008. Arizona State University. Journeytoforever.org. "Make Your Own Biodiesel." Journey to Forever. Journeytoforever.org, 2006. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. Kulkarni, Mangesh, Rajesh Gopinath, Lekha Meher, and Ajay Dalai. "Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and transesterification." Green Chemistry 8 (2006): 1056-062. 15 Sept. 2006. Lotero, Edgar, Yijun Liu, Dora Lopez, Kaewta Suwannakarn, David Bruce, and James Goodwin Jr. "Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis." American Chemical Society (2004). 6 Nov. 2004. Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemenson University. Markovic, Jelena P., and Slobodan K. Milonjic. "Synthesis of zirconia colloidal dispersions by forced hydrolysis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71 (2006): 613-19. 28 July 2006. "Promising Biofuel Made From Commercial Yeasts Upgraded With a New Enzyme." ScienceDaily 9 Mar. 2009. Peterson, Charles L., Daryl Reece, Brian Hammond, Joseph C. Thompson, and Sidney Beck. "Making and testing a biodiesel fuel made from ethanol and waste french- fry oil." HySEE PReliminary Processing and Screening. Idaho Department of Water Resources - Energy Division, July 1995. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. Royon, D., M. Daz, G. Ellenrieder, and S. Locatelli. "Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent." Elsiver 98 (2007): 648-53. 21 Apr. 2007. National University of Salta, Buenos Aires. Schenk, Peer, Skye Thomas-Hall, Evan Stephens, Ute Marx, Jan Mussgnug, Clemens Posten, Olaf Kruse, and Ben Hankamer. "Second Generation Biofuels: High- Efficiency Microalgae for Bioodiesel Production." Bioenergy Research (2008): 20-43. Springer. 4 Mar. 2008. The Science Company. "Biodiesel Titrations." Science Company - Specialists Since 1953. The Science Company. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. "Two-step Chemical Process Turns Raw Biomass Into Biofuel." ScienceDaily 20 Feb. 2009. University of Idaho. "Production and Testing of Ethyl and Methyl Esters." Biodiesel.org. University of Idaho, Dec. 1994. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. "Using Algae to Convert Sunlight Into Biofuel." ScienceDaily 9 Oct. 2008. Vasedevan, Palligarnai, and Michael Briggs. "Biodiesel production -- current and state of the art and challenges." Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (2008): 123-36. 3 Jan. 2008. University of New Hampshire. Discussion Picture 8: Purity of the biodiesel was measured via titration •Data shows that the enzyme catalyst produced the greatest amount of catalyst with the lowest concentration of impurity •The acid catalyst produced fuel that was more pure, however there was slightly less fuel produced •Some challenges faced in this experiment were finding a way to accurately collect data, extracting algae oil, and measuring pH accurately because biodiesel is not very conductive •The enzyme catalyst produced the most biodiesel that had the smallest amount of impurity •Despite the initial cost of the enzyme it is can be reused hundreds of times before efficiency is lost (Royon, 2007) •The study is similar to results of other researchers, acid and enzyme catalysts were both more efficient than the base Picture 9: Algae being grown in the laboratory setup at room temp. and regular fluorescent lights •Running the trial using other types of acid or enzyme catalysts •Using different alcohols •Using different types of algae •Assess cost efficiency •Using Le Chatlier’s principles to favor the forward reaction to biodiesel more
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Discussion. Data shows that the enzyme catalyst produced the greatest amount of catalyst with the lowest concentration of impurity The acid catalyst produced fuel that was more pure, however there was slightly less fuel produced - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Conclusion
Conclusion
Future Studies
Bibliography"Biofuel Development Shifting From Soil to Sea, Specifically to Marine Algae." ScienceDaily 4 Jan. 2009. Chisti, Yusuf. "Biodiesel from Microalgae." Elsevier 25 (2007): 294-306. ScienceDirect. 13 Feb. 2007. Cox, Peter, Richard Betts, Chris Jones, Steven Spall, and Ian Totterdell. "Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model." Nature 408 (2000): 184-87. 9 Nov. 2000. Fan, S., M. Gloor, J. Mahlman, S. Pacala, J. Sarmiento, T. Takahashi, and T. Tans. "A Large Terrestrial Carbon Sink in North America Implied by Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Data and Models." ScienceMag 5355th ser. 282 (1998): 442-46. 16 Oct. 1998. Princeton University. "First Economical Process for Making Biodiesel Fuel from Algae." ScienceDaily 31 Mar. 2009. Hossain, Sharif, Aishah Salleh, Amru N. Boyce, Partha Chowdhury, and Mohd Naqiuddin. "Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy." American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 4 (2008): 250-54. University of Malaya. Hu, Qiang, Milton Sommerfeld, Eric Jarvis, Maria Ghirardi, Matthew Posewitz, Michael Seibert, and Al Darzins. "Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances." The Plant Journal 54 (2008): 621-39. 20 Feb. 2008. Arizona State University. Journeytoforever.org. "Make Your Own Biodiesel." Journey to Forever. Journeytoforever.org, 2006. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. Kulkarni, Mangesh, Rajesh Gopinath, Lekha Meher, and Ajay Dalai. "Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and transesterification." Green Chemistry 8 (2006): 1056-062. 15 Sept. 2006. Lotero, Edgar, Yijun Liu, Dora Lopez, Kaewta Suwannakarn, David Bruce, and James Goodwin Jr. "Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis." American Chemical Society (2004). 6 Nov. 2004. Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemenson University. Markovic, Jelena P., and Slobodan K. Milonjic. "Synthesis of zirconia colloidal dispersions by forced hydrolysis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71 (2006): 613-19. 28 July 2006.
"Promising Biofuel Made From Commercial Yeasts Upgraded With a New Enzyme." ScienceDaily 9 Mar. 2009. Peterson, Charles L., Daryl Reece, Brian Hammond, Joseph C. Thompson, and Sidney Beck. "Making and testing a biodiesel fuel made from ethanol and waste french-fry oil." HySEE PReliminary Processing and Screening. Idaho Department of Water Resources - Energy Division, July 1995. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. Royon, D., M. Daz, G. Ellenrieder, and S. Locatelli. "Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent." Elsiver 98 (2007): 648-53. 21 Apr. 2007. National University of Salta, Buenos Aires. Schenk, Peer, Skye Thomas-Hall, Evan Stephens, Ute Marx, Jan Mussgnug, Clemens Posten, Olaf Kruse, and Ben Hankamer. "Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Bioodiesel Production." Bioenergy Research (2008): 20-43. Springer. 4 Mar. 2008. The Science Company. "Biodiesel Titrations." Science Company - Specialists Since 1953. The Science Company. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. "Two-step Chemical Process Turns Raw Biomass Into Biofuel." ScienceDaily 20 Feb. 2009. University of Idaho. "Production and Testing of Ethyl and Methyl Esters." Biodiesel.org. University of Idaho, Dec. 1994. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. "Using Algae to Convert Sunlight Into Biofuel." ScienceDaily 9 Oct. 2008. Vasedevan, Palligarnai, and Michael Briggs. "Biodiesel production -- current and state of the art and challenges." Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (2008): 123-36. 3 Jan. 2008. University of New Hampshire.
Discussion
Picture 8: Purity of the biodiesel was measured via titration
•Data shows that the enzyme catalyst produced the greatest amount of catalyst with the lowest concentration of impurity•The acid catalyst produced fuel that was more pure, however there was slightly less fuel produced•Some challenges faced in this experiment were finding a way to accurately collect data, extracting algae oil, and measuring pH accurately because biodiesel is not very conductive
•The enzyme catalyst produced the most biodiesel that had the smallest amount of impurity•Despite the initial cost of the enzyme it is can be reused hundreds of times before efficiency is lost (Royon, 2007)•The study is similar to results of other researchers, acid and enzyme catalysts were both more efficient than the basePicture 9: Algae being grown in the
laboratory setup at room temp. and regular fluorescent lights
•Running the trial using other types of acid or enzyme catalysts•Using different alcohols•Using different types of algae•Assess cost efficiency•Using Le Chatlier’s principles to favor the forward reaction to biodiesel more
