Conceptualizing and Creating a Homeless Families Typology
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Conceptualizing and Creating a Homeless Families Typology
Debra J. Rog, Ph.D.
Westat
Presentation at the National Conference on Ending Family Homelessness, National Alliance to End Homelessness
February 8, 2007
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Presentation Overview
What is a typology and why do we need one?
Description of federally funded project to conceptualize typologies of homeless families▬ Prevention typology▬ Resource allocation
Description of two efforts to inform typology development ▬ Reanalysis of fragile families dataset▬ Study in process of shelter exits in Massachusetts
Final thoughts
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Definition of a Typology
What is a typology?▬ A classification system that differentiates a population into
distinct subgroups or subtypes.
It can be used to:▬ Describe a population;▬ Match groups to services; and▬ Predict service use and response.
Why create a homeless families typology?▬ To effectively target existing services; and▬ To identify new efforts to both prevent homelessness and its
reoccurrence and intervene with currently homeless families.
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A “Desirable” Typology
Classifies population into subgroups that are homogeneous and non-overlapping
Incorporates both environmental and individual factors
Covers total population
Is simple to use
Has practical utility for service providers and policy makers
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ASPE – Funded Typology Project:Key Activities
1. Literature review
2. Review of existing data and ongoing panel studies
▬ Identified 15 potential datasets for secondary analysis
▬ Re-analyzed data from Fragile Families Project on subgroups of poor families (homeless, doubled-up, at-risk)
3. Commissioned expert papers
4. Expert Panel meeting
5. Options for potential research activities
6. Final report and debriefing
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Key Findings from Project
Need for two homeless families typologies
▬ Prevention
▬ Resource allocation
Staged approach to developing typologies needed▬ Initial development guided by existing data▬ Elaboration through short-term research options ▬ Strongest, most lasting development, through
ongoing national surveys and longitudinal studies
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Prevention Typology:Purpose
To rank families according to levels of risk of homelessness and probability of a quick exit
To distinguish families in desperate need from those with more moderate needs
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Prevention Typology:Framework
Initial 4 Cell Model
Begin developing based on existing literature and enhance with data from one or more study options
Environment
Family Needs
Facilitators Barriers
Major
Minor
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Prevention Typology: What We Know To Begin
Key risk factors for homelessness include:▬ Resources (economic and social)▬ Life stage (age; having young children)▬ Ethnicity▬ Mental health and substance use
Best to target population ‘at risk’ as families request shelter
Broader targeting, even among poor families, is likely to be inefficient and inaccurate
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Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study
▬ Five year longitudinal study of new parents and children sampled from hospitals National sample of marital and non-marital births
(4,898 families at baseline)
Two waves of data currently available (1 and 3 year follow-ups)
Third wave (year 5) due in 2007
▬ Offered multi-site sample at high risk of homelessness and residential instability Opportunity to:
• examine incidence of homelessness • compare homeless to other poor families in range of residential
arrangements
Analysis to Inform Prevention Typology:Reanalysis of Fragile Families Dataset
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families Data Set:Sample Selection
Re-analysis restricted to sample of very poor families▬ Total sample of 838 families meeting following criteria:
Mother 18 years of age or older Household income ≤50% below poverty level at year 1
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families Data Set:Descriptive Analysis
Yr1 Yr 3 Combined
Residentially Stable
35% 42% 22%(both times)
“At Risk” 39% 37% 41%(either time)
Doubled-up 21% 16% 28%(either time)
Ever Homeless 6% 5% 8%(either time)
Risk of being homeless is low even among extremely poor women
Constructed 4 residential groups:
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families Data Set:Inferential Analyses
Analytic Approach▬ Logistic regressions performed to determine risk and protective
factors of experiencing homelessness and remaining stable
▬ 3 models conducted to predict: Year 1 status Year 3 status Combined status
Caveats▬ Resulting models have relatively “poor fit”▬ Samples are small▬ Homelessness is quite varied▬ Models lack contextual variables
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families DatasetPredictors of Homelessness
YR 1
Model
YR 3
Model
YR1 or YR3
Model
Demographics
Pregnant – YR1 *
Family Background
Change Partner (YR 1-3) ***
Live with Mother (YR1) *
# of Adults in Household (YR3) *
Social Support
$1,000 loan (YR3) *
Social Capital
Mom working (B) *
Change Work (YR 1-3) **
Income (YR1) * *** **
Health, SA, MH
Ever use SA *
SA ever interfere *
Ever DV ** *
MH Prob ** ***
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families Data Set:Predictors of Homelessness
(continued)
= Increases probability of being homeless
= decreases probability o f being homeless
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001
YR 1
Model
YR 3
Model
YR1 or YR3
Model
Neighborhood Housing
Neighborhood safety
(1-4, unsafe)
*
Housing Assistance *** * ***
TANF *** ***
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families Data Set:Predictors of Residential Stability
YR 1
Model
YR 3
Model
YR1 or YR3
Model
Family Background
Partner **
Change Partner * *
Change live with Mom **
# adults in household * *
# children (B) ***
Social support
$1000 Loan (YR 1)
Social Capital
Change Mom work (1-3) ***
Change Partner work (B-1) *** ***
Health, SA, MH
Health stability
(1=excellent 5=poor)
***
Ever use SA ** *** **
Ever DV *** *
MH Problem *** *** ***
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families Data Set:Predictors of Residential Stability
(continued)
YR 1
Model
YR 3
Model
YR1 or YR3
Model
Neighborhood Housing
Public Housing *** ***
Food stamps **
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Reanalysis of Fragile Families Data Set:Tentative Findings
Families experiencing homelessness▬ Have lower household incomes▬ Are less likely to receive housing assistance but more likely to
receive TANF▬ Are more likely to have experienced domestic violence and
mental health problems
Families remaining residentially stable▬ Are more likely to live with a partner and have a greater # of
adults living in the household▬ Are more likely to have a partner working ▬ Are less likely to have SA, DV, and MH issues▬ Are more likely to have lived in public housing
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Resource Allocation TypologyPurpose
To classify families by the factors that:
▬ Block their ability to exit homelessness (e.g., poor credit; past justice involvement)
▬ Challenge their ability to achieve stability and self-sufficiency
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Resource Allocation Typology:Framework
Create based on 3 types of variables:
▬ Exogenous (housing environment, housing, and health and human service access)
▬ Endogenous (family and individual characteristics, including family support needs, broad health needs, social needs, children’s needs)
▬ Situational (fit between the families needs and accessible resources)
Use staged approach to building framework
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Resource Allocation Typology: What We Know To Begin
Housing subsidies are a key predictor, but there are not enough available to meet needs
In addition:▬ Not all families may need full subsidy; others may need more
than a subsidy
▬ Even with subsidies, some families return to homelessness
Therefore, families range considerably in what they need to exit homelessness and remain stable
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Study to Inform Resource Allocation Typology:Massachusetts Exit Study
Purposes ▬ To address knowledge gaps re: the shelter exit process▬ To provide prospective epidemiological study of the exit process
Study Design▬ Longitudinal study (12 months) of shelter work in Worcester ▬ Three components
1. Analysis of administrative data 2. Interviews with 3 samples of families, including those who:
• Exit shelter within 6 months• Stay in shelter longer than 6 months• are eligible for shelter services but are diverted
3. Interviews with system-level informants
▬ 18 month study ending in 12-07
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Massachusetts Exit Study:Component 2 – Exit Process
Purpose▬ To understand the factors that facilitate and block exit▬ To understand the residential arrangements after shelter
Design/Sample Selection▬ Early “exit” families (estimate 100 families) – interview upon exit
all families exit in 2006
▬ “Stuck” families (estimate 85 families) Interview at 6 months and at exit ;if not exit, 3 month follow-up
▬ Diverted families (estimated 50 families) Interview at point diverted & 3 month following
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Massachusetts Exit Study:Component 2 – Exit Process
Data Collection▬ Demographics and background▬ Family composition▬ Prior homelessness/housing▬ Employment, dept, income▬ Legal issues▬ Services received and shelter experience▬ Trauma▬ Physical and mental health▬ Substance use▬ Exit process, problem▬ Children’s question▬ Resource knowledge and use
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Massachusetts Exit Study:Likely Implications for Informing
Resource Allocation Typology
Prospective information on the exit process
Key predictors of exit with attention to the role of:▬ Services and resources▬ Recurring trauma exposure and conflict▬ Credit, legal, criminal justice, and other issues▬ Mental health, substance abuse, disabilities
Provide a beginning foundation on the:▬ Nature of the population▬ Dynamics of the shelter system▬ Services available, known, and used
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Conclusion
Need for two typologies of homeless families▬ Voiced by the expert panel
▬ Illustrated in work on the ground to pilot various triage efforts
▬ Apparent in the range of risk evident in the Fragile Families re-analysis
Staged approach to building typologies ▬ Provide data to guide current efforts
▬ Build long-term capacity to refine and direct future prevention and resource allocation efforts