Conceptual framework for looking at connectivity between ......•Roads connecting District HQs with...

Conceptual framework for looking at connectivity between rural and

regional transport networks

Jenny Yamamoto, Consultant, UNESCAP

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Session 3: National and local government policies on rural transport connectivity

• Drivers of change in rural areas

• What is connectivity and why is it important?

• Simple conceptual framework

• 3 themes for participants• Integrating vertical connectivity into rural transport policies and planning

• Measuring and monitoring connectivity

• Coordination between different transport network authorities

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Thailand, 1964 (Asian Highway)

Indonesia, 1948 Cambodia, 19923

Li, A.H.F. (2017) E-commerce and Taobao Villages - A Promise for China’s Rural Development? China Perspectives4

• Improved transport connectivity

• Mobile telecommunications

• Rising educational levels

• Falling infant mortality rates

• Lower birth rates

• Rural industries and off-farm employment

• New technological applications for rural development

• Changing lifestyle expectations

Drivers of change in rural areas

CHANCE OF A LIFETIME!

Carpe Diem (Seize the Day)

Key is connectivity

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What is connectivity

• Transport connectivity: ESCAP defines “transport connectivity” as “the capacity for areas and people to be connected, either physically or non-physically, through transport or communication”.

• For our discussions, the term is used in a theoretical sense to refer to both • Infrastructural connectivity, and

• Service connectivity

• “Vertical connectivity” refers to the connectivity between different transport network levels

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“Improving rural accessibility is a

local-level issue... However, the

higher levels of the transport

network are relevant in that they

provide the connectivity by which

goods, services and people move

into and out of rural areas.

Thus, improved rural access depends

on a well-functioning transport

system from top to bottom in order

to reduce economic distance.” (ADB,

2007).

Source: Starkey, P., Ellis, S., Hine, J., and Ternell, A. (2002).

Why is “vertical connectivity” important?

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Meso level networks (including rural-urban)

Macro level networks

Micro level networks

Infrastructure Services Nodes

National highways, trunk roads, railways

Long distance truck servicers, logistics services, railway services, long distance bus services

Dry ports, border crossings, railway stations, maritime ports, airports, storage and distribution facilities

Feeder roads, provincial roads, some highways

Medium distance truck services, local transport services

Urban wholesale markets, warehouses, transport hubs

Rural roads, trails, footpaths, small bridges, waterways, jetties, piers for inland water transport

Privately owned transport (including IMT), local transport services

Local markets, local shops for inputs, local warehouses, bus stops, IWT piers

Simple Conceptual Framework

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Infrastructure connectivity

• Policy areas:• Infrastructure investment (new construction, upgrading)• Maintenance• Safety improvements where rural network meets feeder

roads

• How to integrate connectivity?• Prioritisation of investment (Multi-Criteria Analysis)• Performance indicators based on reduction in travel time,

vehicle operating costs, level of services (i.e. indicators of connectivity)

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• Highways connecting National capital with Divisional Headquarters, sea ports, land ports or Asian HighwayNational Highway

• Highways connecting District Headquarters (HQs), main river or land ports, or with each other not connected by national HighwaysRegional Highway

• Roads connecting District HQs with Upazila HQs, or connecting one Upazila HQ to another Upazila HQ by a single main connection with National/Regional Highway, through shortest distance/ routeZila Road

• Roads connecting Upazila HQ with Growth Center(s) or one Growth Center with another Growth Center by a single main connection or connecting Growth Center to Higher Road System

Upazila Road

• Roads connecting union HQ/s with Upazila HQs, Growth Centers or local markets or with each other.Union Road

• Roads connecting Villages with Union HQs, local markets, farms and ghats or with each otherVillage Road (a&b)

Bangladesh’s Road Classification system

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Connectivity policy in action: Bangladesh’s rural road prioritization methodology

Level of connectivity Road Score

Part of core networks Upazila roads that directly connect to national and

regional highways of Roads and Highways

Department, zila and upazila headquarters

100

All other Upazila Roads 80

Union Roads that connect upazila headquarters 50

All other Union Roads 40

Village roads that are part of core network 35

Not part of core networks Village roads those are not part of core network 0

Source: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (2018) 12















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Service connectivity

• Policy options is more limited because:• Most rural transport services are privately provided

• Regulatory role of government varies widely from national to local level

• Enforcement of rules is difficult

• However, recent experiences from the region suggest that government can support service connectivity through:• Provision of long-distance public bus services (e.g. Sri Lanka)

• Support for development of rural logistics (e.g. China’s e-commerce)

• Promotion of motorcycles and three-wheelers (e.g. e-rickshaws in India, Nepal)

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Connectivity policy in action: Taobao village: “Put down the hoe, pick up the mouse”

• China’s Taobao Villages: rural e-commerce hubs that feature Alibaba's logistics, service and training

• 20 Taobao Villages in 2013, 3,202 in 2018

• Critical inputs:• Financial services

• Logistics services

• Training of farmers and cooperatives

• Remaining issues: • High empty-haulage rates and low vehicle-capacity utilization

• Insufficient facilities for cold storage, packaging, and processing

• Timing of inbound and outbound demand differs (for example, agricultural inputs precede grown farm products)

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Connectivity between Macro infrastructure (e.g. highways) and Micro nodes (e.g. local markets)

• How can large scale infrastructure networks be more beneficial for rural residents?

• Roadside stations (Michi-no-eki) in Japan, Bangladesh and Thailand

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Source: ADB. DFID, JICA, World Bank (2018). The WEB of Transport Corridors in South Asia. 19

3 themes for participants

1. Integrating vertical connectivity into rural transport policies and planning

• Please describe your rural transport policies and sector strategies

• Do official planning processes take connectivity between different network levels into account, and if so, how?

2. Measuring and monitoring connectivity

• How is transport connectivity measured, if at all, and what data is used? Are countries collecting data on the Rural Access Index?

• Is there a common rural transport data platform, for example a GIS system, which is shared by different entities in government?

• How is this data collected? Are there innovative ways that data could be collected in the future, for example from users of the networks?

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3 themes for participants (continued)

3. Coordination between different transport network authorities

• How is responsibility between different levels of transport networks divided between government entities?

• How do these offices communicate with each other?

• Are there also communication mechanisms between different ministries?

Information you provide at this meeting will be used as input for the ESCAP Monograph Series on Sustainable and Inclusive Transport.

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Thank you.

Don’t Leave Us Behind!

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References

• ADB (2007). A Transport Strategy for Sustainable Development – Rural Accessibility in the Asia and Pacific Region, Final Report. Prepared by I. T. Transport Limited, January 2007.

• ADB. DFID, JICA, World Bank (2018). The WEB of Transport Corridors in South Asia.

• Alibaba Group website: https://www.alibabagroup.com/en/ir/pdf/160614/09.pdf

• Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). (2018). Planning and Prioritisation of Rural Roads in Bangladesh. Final Report – Volume 1. Department of Urban and Regional Planning (DURP)

• Li, A.H.F. (2017). E-commerce and Taobao Villages - A Promise for China’s Rural Development? China Perspectives, March 2017.

• Michinoeki photo credit: https://life.ja-group.jp/farm/market/detail?id=1599

• Starkey, P., Ellis, S., Hine, J., and Ternell, A. (2002). Improving Rural Mobility: Options for Developing Motorized and Nonmotorized Transport in Rural Areas. World Bank Technical Paper No. 525.

• Soho website for Taobao photos (http://www.sohu.com/a/278463306_100036680)

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Conceptual framework for looking at connectivity between ......•Roads connecting District HQs with...

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