Concepts of Health1

8/2/2019 Concepts of Health1

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Concepts

ofHealth


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Theories related to health

Supernatural theory of disease

Tridosha theory

Theory of humours by GreeksMiasmatic theory

Theory of contagion

Theory of spontaneous generationGerm theory of disease

Theory of multifactorial causation


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Changing concepts in health

Biomedical concept

Ecological concept

Psychosocial concept

Holistic concept


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Biomedical concept

Viewed health as absence of disease

Based on Germ theory of disease

Criticisms

Doesn't consider the role of environmental

and other factors

Found inadequate to explain modern day

health problems


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Ecological concept

Viewed health as a state of dynamic equilibrium

between man and his environment

Environmental sanitation measures were based onthis concept

Criticisms

Did not consider the role of social, psychological,

economical, cultural and political factors


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Psychosocial concept

Considers the role of social, psychological,

economical, cultural and political factors

Criticisms

Did not consider, biological and

environmental factors


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Definition of Health

A state of complete physical, mental and

social wellbeing and not merely an

absence of disease of infirmity that enablesevery individual to lead a socially and

economically productive life


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Dimensions of health

Physical dimension

Mental dimension

Social dimension

Spiritual dimension

Emotional dimension

Vocational dimension


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Spectrum of health

Positive health

Better health

Freedom from sickness

Unrecognized illness

Mild sickness

Severe sickness

Death


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Concepts of wellbeing

Two components

Objective component

Standard of living or level of living

Subjective component

Quality of life


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Standard of living

Per capita GNP is considered along with

others like education, occupation, clothing,

housing etc


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Level of living

Health

Housing

Human rights

Clothing

Education

Food consumption

Recreation and leisureOccupation

Social security


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Quality of life

Physical quality of life index (PQLI)

Human development index (HDI)


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PQLI

Considers three parameters

Each parameter is given score from 0-100

Average of the three gives the PQLI for thecountry

PQLI score ranges from 0-100.

Infant mortality rate Life expectancy at birth

Literacy


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HDI

Composite index which measures the

indicators related to three dimensions

Indicators measuredLife expectancy at birth

Literacy (two thirds of adult literacy rate

and one third of gross enrollment ratio)

Real GDP per capita in purchasing power


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Formula for computing

indicators of HDI

Actual X1 valueMinimum X1 value

Maximum X1 valueMinimum X1 value

HDI =


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Fixed minimum and

maximum values for HDI

Parameter assessed Fixed minimum

value

Fixed maximum

value

Life expectancy 25 years 85 years

Adult literacy

status

0% 100%

Gross enrollment 0% 100%

Real GDP per

capita

100 $ 40000 $


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HDI value ranges from 0 to 1

Based on HDI scores for the country

High human development category (0.8 &>)

Medium human development category (0.5

to 0.799)

Low human development category (


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Determinants of health

Biologic

Behavioral

Environmental

Socio-economic

Socio-cultural

Health systems


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Age related

Sex related

Science and technology

Information and communication

Equity and social justice

Human rights


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Responsibilities for health

Individual responsibility

Community responsibility

State responsibility

International responsibility


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Indicators of health

Mortality indicators

Morbidity indicators

Disability indicators

Nutritional status indicators

Health status indicators

Health policy indicators

Utilization rates


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Indicators of social and mental healthIndicators of quality of life

Environmental indicators

Socio-economic indicators

Other indicators

Social indicators

Basic needs indicators

Health for all indicators


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Concepts of causation

Epidemiological triad

Environmental factors

Agent factorsHost factors


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Host factors

Demographic

Biological

Socio-economic

Life style


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Agent factors

Physical

Chemical

BiologicalMechanical

Nutritional

Social

Absence or relative lack or excess of a factor

needed for maintaining health


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Environmental factors

Physical environment

Biological environment

Psychosocial environment


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Spectrum of disease

Range between fatal diseases at one end and

sub-clinical diseases at the other end.


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Type of F F salt Free F Brand

name

Company F

ppm

F mg/dose

Professional gel 2.72%

APF

1.23% Nupro Dentsply 12,300 24.6-61.5

2.0%

NaF

0.9% 9200 18.4-46

F varnish 5.0%

NaF

2.6% Duraflor Pharma

Science

26,000 3-6

Daily rinse 0.05%

NaF

0.023% Act J&J 230 2.3

0.02%

APF

0.02% Phos-Flor Colgate 200 2.0

Weekly rinse 0.2%

NaF

0.091% Prevident Colgate 910 9.1

Home gel 0.4%

SnF2

0.097% Gel-Kam Colgate 970 1.94-4.85

1.1

NaF

0.5% Prevident Colgate 5000 10-25

Commonly Used F Products


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Type of F F salt Free

F

Brand

name

Company F

ppm

F mg/dose

Supplements

F tablets 2.2% NaF 1.0% Luride Colgate 1000 1

1.1% NaF 0.5% 500 0.5

0.55%

NaF

0.25% 250 0.25

F drops 1.1% NaF 0.5% 500 0.25mg per

1/2ml

Dentifrice 0.22%

NaF

0.1% 1000 1

0.76%MFP

0.1% 1000 1

Commonly Used F Products


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Natural History and Spectrum

of DiseaseInfectivityrefers to the proportion of exposed

persons who become infected.

Pathogenicityrefers to the proportion of

infected persons who develop clinical disease.

Virulencerefers to the proportion of persons

with clinical disease who become severely ill

or die


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Ice berg phenomena

Symptomatic disease

Asymptomatic

disease

Water level

Concepts of Health1

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