Concepts of Environment and Safety in the Industry

Concepts of the Environment and

Safety in the Industry

Environmental Engineering

Group 1

Engr. Gilda A. Aquino

Prepared for:

Prepared by:

Industrial Environment• Is a term used to describe working

conditions that may be outside of optimal.

• It is usually harsher than normal work environments, such as an office.

• The people and equipment are exposed to more extreme conditions.

• Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality

• Energy Conservation• Wastewater and Ambient Water

Quality• Water Conservation• Hazardous Materials

Management• Waste Management• Noise • Contaminated Land

Industrial Environment

Sources of Air Emission• Point Source• Fugitive Source

- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)- Particulate Matter (PM)

• Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)• Mobile Sources - Land Based• Greenhouse Gases

oAir Emissions and Ambient Air Quality


Point Sources- These are discrete, stationary, identifiable sources of emissions that release pollutants to the atmosphere.-Typically located in manufacturing or production plants.-It can be characterized by the release of the air pollutants typically associated with the combustion of fossil fuels, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM), as well as other air pollutants including certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals that may also be associated with a wide range of industrial activities.

- defined as the height necessary to ensure that emissions from the stack will not result in excessive concentrations of any air pollutant in the immediate vicinity of the sources as a result of atmospheric downwash, eddies, or wakes, which may be created by the source itself, nearby structures, or nearby terrain obstacles.

Stack Height

HG = H + 1.5Lwhere:• HG = GEP stack height measured from the ground level elevation at the base of

the stack• H = Height of nearby structure(s) above the base of the stack.• L = lesser dimension, height (h) or width (w), of nearby structures • “Nearby structures” = Structures within/touching a radius of 5L but less than 800 m.

(Based on United States 40 CFR, part 51.100 (ii))

Stack Height Equation

• refer to emissions that are distributed spatially over a wide area and not confined to a specific discharge point.

• They originate in operations where exhausts are not captured and passed through a stack

Fugitive Sources

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - It is associated with industrial activities

that produce, store, and use VOC-containing liquids or gases where the material is under pressure, exposed to a lower vapor pressure, or displaced from an enclosed space.

Two Main Types of Fugitive Emissions:

Particulate Matter (PM) - The most common pollutant involved in fugitive

emissions is dust or particulate matter. - It is released during certain operations, such as transport and open storage of solid materials, and from exposed soil surfaces, including unpaved roads.

Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)• Several chemicals are classified as ozone depleting

substances (ODSs) and are scheduled for phase-out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer like HCFCs.

Note: HCFCs (Hydrochlorofluorocarbon)

Mobile Sources – Land Based- Emissions from vehicles include

CO, NOx, SO2, PM and VOCs.

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)- Sectors that may have potentially

significant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) include energy, transport, heavy industry (e.g. cement production, iron / steel manufacturing, aluminum smelting, petrochemical industries, fertilizer manufacturing), agriculture, forestry and waste management.

- refers to reducing energy through using less of an energy service.

Industrial Environmento Energy Conservation

- refers to reducing energy through using less of an energy service.


oWaste Water and Ambient Water Quality

• Wastewater management includes water conservation, wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and wastewater and water quality monitoring.


Waste Water Management

• It is generated from industrial operations includes process wastewater, wastewater from utility operations, runoff from process and materials staging areas, and miscellaneous activities including wastewater from laboratories, equipment maintenance shops, etc..


Industrial Wastewater

• It is generated from industrial facilities may include effluents from domestic sewage, food service, and laundry facilities serving site employees.


Sanitary Wastewater

• It encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human demand.

Industrial EnvironmentWater Conservation

• Surface irrigation of orchards and vineyards• Landscape impoundments• Groundwater recharge• Wetlands, wildlife habitat, stream augmentation• Industrial cooling processes• Landscape and golf course irrigation• Toilet flushing• Vehicle washing• Food crop irrigation• Potable reuse

Industrial EnvironmentBenefits of Water Reuse and Recycling

• The main objectives of projects involving hazardous materials should be the protection of the workforce and the prevention and control of releases and accidents.


o Hazardous Materials Management

• Hazardous Material Transfer• Overfill Protection• Reaction, Fire, and Explosion

Industrial EnvironmentPreventive Measures

Industrial Environmento Waste Management

– A waste is any solid, liquid, or contained gaseous material that is being discarded by disposal, recycling, burning or incineration.

– Solid (non-hazardous)wastes generally include any garbage, refuse.

– Examples of such waste include domestic trash and garbage; inert construction / démolition materials; refuse,

Industrial Environmento Waste Management

– Hazardous waste shares the properties of a hazardous material (e.g. ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), or other physical, chemical, or biological characteristics that may pose a potential risk to human health or the environment if improperly managed.

- disturbing or excessive noise may harm the activity or balance of human and animal life.

Outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.

Indoor noise is caused by machines, building activities, music performances, and especially in some workplaces.

Industrial Environmento Noise

• Noise impacts should not exceed the levels presented in Table 1.7.1, or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site.


Table 1.7.1 – Noise Level GuidelinesTable 1.7.1 – Noise Level GuidelinesOne Hour Laeq (dBA)

Receptor Daytime7:00 – 22:00

Night time22:00 – 7:00

Residential; Institutional; Educational

55 45

Industrial; Commercial 70 70

Industrial Safety• Is primarily a management activity which

is concerned with reducing, controlling and eliminating hazards from the industries or industrial units.

Objectives of Industrial Safety• to prevent accidents in the plant by reducing the

hazard to minimum.• to eliminate accident caused work stoppage and lost

production.• to achieve lower workmen’s compensation,

insurance rates and reduce all other direct and indirect costs of accidents.

• to prevent loss of life, permanent disability and the loss of income of worker by eliminating causes of accidents.

Objectives of Industrial Safety• to evaluate employee’s morale by promoting safe

work place and good working • condition.• to educate all members of the organization in

continuous state of safety minded.• and to make supervision competent and intensely

safety minded.

Industrial Safety

• Engineering: i.e. safety at the design, equipment installation stage.

• Education: i.e. education of employees in safe practices.

4E’s to consider:

Industrial Safety

• Enlistment: it concerns the attitude of the employees and management towards the programmed and its purpose.

• Encouragement: i.e. to enforce adherence to safe rules and practices.

4E’s to consider:

Causes of Accidents• Technical Causes• Human Causes

Technical Causes• Unsafe mechanical design or construction• Hazardous arrangement (pilling, over-loading, etc)• Improper machine guarding• Unsafe apparel• Defective devices• Improper material handling• Leaking acid valve• Untested boilers or pressure vessels

– Age – Health– Lack of knowledge and skill – Improper attitude towards work– Fatigue– Carelessness and recklessness– Emotional instability e.g. jealousy,– Motional instability e.g. jealousy,– Mental worries– Non-use of safety devices– Working at unsafe speeds– Improper use of tools.

Human Causes

Means of Preventing Accidents• Safe workplace layout• Reforms of the working conditions • Provision of safety methods • Pay attention to individual differences • Training in right work methods • Means of removing fatigue• Proper speed of work• Organization of safety committee

Means of Preventing Accidents• Safety campaigns and posters• Habits of Safety• Motivating Safety• Safe Material Handling• Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Concepts of Environment and Safety in the Industry

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