Concepts of conflict 14 april 2010...
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Intra-personal
Intra-group
Inter-group
Inter-personal
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“Scarce resources”
MATERIAL / RATIONAL Parties focus on some
external resource
“Interference from others”
SOCIAL / RELATIONAL Parties focus on
relationships and social structure
“Expressions of Conflict”
“Perceptions”SYMBOLIC Parties focus on competing world views and meaning-
making systems (lenses)
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Latent / Hidden Latent / Hidden conflictconflict
Surface conflictSurface conflictOpen conflictOpen conflict
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Physical
Psychological
Social
Environmental
Prevent people from reaching their full human potential
AGGRESSION
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Aggression as a rooted instinct
Dual Instinct Theory (Freud, 1920)
• Human behavior is driven by 2 basic forces: life and death instinct These instincts are a source intra- psychic conflict which can be
resolved by diverting the destructive force away on to others
Built-in Instinct Theory (Lorenz, 1966)
•Aggression is innate, an unavoidable feature of human nature•Aggressive behavior serves an adaptive function- “survival of the strongest”
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Aggression as drive*
-Frustration-aggression (Dollard, 1941)aggression is caused by frustration that stems not only from deprivation but also from the gap between expectations and results
-Aggression-aversive stimulation (Berkowitz, 1989) Fear Physical pain Psychological discomfort
*not a consistently present energy but is activated when there is deprivation
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Aggression as learned behavior
(Bandura, Ross and Ross, 1963)
- aggressive behavior as produced by “nurture” as opposed to “nature” (acquired through learning processes)
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Determinants of Aggression (Factors that Contribute to Aggressive Behavior)
Personal variables
1. Sex (men as generally more aggressive than women:
Men have more criminal records
Men show more aggressive behavior
Men have higher levels of testosterones
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Situational Variables
-availability and accessibility of weapons
-alcohol consumption
-temperature
-noise
-crowding
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Media influences
-weaken viewers’ inhibitions against aggression
-habituation or reduction of sensitivity to suffering
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Ongoing polarization, mistrust and hostility between/ among
different groups in the community
Community Relations Theory
Incompatible positions and a “zero-sum” view of conflict
being adopted by the parties in conflict
Principled Negotiation Theory
Incompatibilities between different cultural
communication stylesIntercultural
Miscommunication Theory
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Unmet or frustrated basic human needs – physical, psychological, and social (e.g., security, identity,
recognition, participation, and autonomy
Human Needs Theory
Feelings of threatened identity often rooted in unresolved past
loss and sufferingIdentity Theory
Real problems of inequality and injustice expressed by
competing social, cultural, and economic frameworks
Conflict Transformation
Theory
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CONSTRUCTIVE
DESTRUCTIVE
MORE VIOLENCE
LESS TRUST
LESS ACCURATE COMMUNICATIONS
LESS DIRECT CONTACT
P
Problem-solving
Disagree but share problem
Person seen as problem
Shift from disagreement to
personal antagonism
Issue proliferation
Multiplication of issues from specific to
general
Triangle
“Talk about” not “talk with”
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CONSTRUCTIVE
DESTRUCTIVE
MORE VIOLENCE
LESS TRUST
LESS ACCURATE COMMUNICATIONS
LESS DIRECT CONTACT
HOSTILITY
Full blown Antagonism
>>>>>>>>>>>>>Hostility
Reaction & escalation
An eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth.
Polarization
Change in social organization
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The ABC Triangle of ViolenceThe ABC Triangle of Violence
BEHAVIOR: Hatred for the enemy, direct physical violence, killing, intimidation,
torture, verbal insults, etc.
BEHAVIOR: Hatred for the enemy, direct physical violence, killing, intimidation,
torture, verbal insults, etc.
ATTITUDES: Feelings/ Values Sources: Hatred, fear, mistrust, racism, sexism,
intolerance, bigotry
ATTITUDES: Feelings/ Values Sources: Hatred, fear, mistrust, racism, sexism,
intolerance, bigotry
CONTEXT + System + Structures: Structural/ institutional violence,
discrimination (e.g. in education, employment, health care, etc.), globalization of economy,
denial of rights and liberties, segregation (e.g., apartheid)
CONTEXT + System + Structures: Structural/ institutional violence,
discrimination (e.g. in education, employment, health care, etc.), globalization of economy,
denial of rights and liberties, segregation (e.g., apartheid)
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Promotes war and armamentsPromotes war and armaments
Weapons are mystified to represent force, scientific progress, exercise of power (through war toys, video games, violent movies, etc.)
Art, education, religion, mass communications are used as the basis of war by powerful groups in society (cultural and educational manipulation
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Commodifies the powerlessCommodifies the powerless
Those with little power are considered objects.
Patriarchalism and sexism (women as objects)
Majority vs. minority relations
Marginalized groups, (the the poor, the disabled, indigenous tribes, etc.)
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Invokes the image of the “enemy”
The enemy …
Can be a nation;
Can be a religious / ideological group in the community;
Can be people of a different race, tribe, or language group;
Belongs to the OUT-Group;
Is blamed for failure or attack (scapegoat function);
Threatens everything that is good and valuable to oneself and one’s community
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OtheringOthering
Dualistic thinking: right Dualistic thinking: right vs. wrong, good vs. bad, vs. wrong, good vs. bad, etc.etc.
Separates people into better and worse, Separates people into better and worse, good or bad good or bad
Dehumanizes the enemyDehumanizes the enemy
Removal of all human facesRemoval of all human faces
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CONFLICT PREVENTIONCONFLICT PREVENTION
CONFLICT SETTLEMENTCONFLICT SETTLEMENT
CONFLICT MANAGEMENTCONFLICT MANAGEMENT
CONFLICT RESOLUTIONCONFLICT RESOLUTION
CONFLICT TRANSFORMATIONCONFLICT TRANSFORMATION
Latent / Hidden conflict
Open conflict
Surface conflict
I NTERVENTION
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J U S T I C E
ISSUE
POWERRELATION-SHIP
HOW
WHAT
WHONEEDSINTE-RESTS
WHO
CULTPOL
ECO
DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CONFLICT
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