Concepts for In-line Characterization of IFE Targets
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Transcript of Concepts for In-line Characterization of IFE Targets
DS 6/2/04 1
Concepts for In-line Characterization of IFE Targets
High Average Power Laser Program WorkshopUCLA
June 2-3, 2004
Diana Schroen, Jon Streit1
Leonard J. Bond, Morris S. Good, Ronald L. Hockey2
1Schafer Corporation, Livermore, CA 945512Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, WA
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Micro-encapsulation
Heat Curing
Isopropanol Exchange
Tritium Filling
Oil Exchange
Overcoating
Isopropanol ExchangeCO2 Drying
The GA Plant Design Did Not Specify When Characterization Would Occur.A
B
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• Statistical sampling was assumed. This could be problematic because:– Statistics may not be valid for all processes. For example,
variation within microencapsulation batches is the norm. – Consequences may be difficult to deal with – the chamber
conditions will be very different after a “dud” than after a fire.
• Instead, consider in-line automated every capsule characterization especially at points A and B.
• This is the approach that PNNL is using for the TRISO fuel pellet.
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• Characterizing a bare foam 4 mm OD capsule.300 micron DVB Foam Wall, 20 - 120 mg/cc density
• QA at this point reduces useless effort in overcoating step.• Less solvent waste from overcoating process• Less difficult analysis as results are not confused by
overcoating.• Two possible techniques – same principle.
Point A Characterization
Fail
PassShells Flow
Through Tube
Analysis (2 Views
Minimum)
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• Optical Characterization requires several process steps and creates much solvent waste.
• Benzyl Salicylate is an effective index match making characterization easier and more accurate.
• DBP = Dibutyl Phthalate, IPA = Isopropyl Alcohol, BSA = Benzyl Salicylate
DBPWaterAfter
Gelation
Water
Rinse Away Water with
IPA
IPA BSAExchange into BSA
BSAReady to
CharacterizeRinse Away BSA with
IPA
IPA
A1 Optical Characterization
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A2 Ultrasonic Characterization
• Ultrasonic waves couple well in 60°C aqueous solutions.• No exchanges would be required.• Non-contact Go/No Go Analysis.
Ultrasonic Transducer
Profile of Focused
Field
Measured Interfaces & Thicknesses
DBPWaterAfter
Gelation
Water
Rinse Away Water with
IPA
IPADBP
WaterCharacterize
Water
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• Characterization of a completed target.
• QA at this point reduces failure rate in the chamber.• With a shot rate of 500,000 per day even a small percentage of failures is a large number.• The concept is to do multiple characterizations to improve the probability of detecting defects.
Point B Characterization
• Wall, CH + Au• DVB foam• DT ice layer
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B1 Ultrasonic Characterization
• High Speed• Non-Contact• Liquid Helium is Used as
Ultrasonic Couplant• Target is Inspected on-line
using suite of Ultrasonic Transducers– Pulse-echo (one
transducer)– Transmission (pair)
• Real-time data processing• Unacceptable Targets are
Ejected
Ultrasonic Transducer
Measured Interfaces & Thicknesses
Profile of Focused
Field
DVB Sphere with Inner Deuterium Ice Layer
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B2 EM In-Line Characterization
Eddy Current(Conductivity
&Permeability)
Electric Field(Dielectric Constant)
PassFail
QA/QCMeter
ThroughputUp to ~ 200 particle/sec
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Development of Cryogenic Measurement Concept
Properties of Cryogenic FluidsFluid Acoustic Temp. Relative Velocity Attenuation (m/s) (K)Water 1480 298 22 Nitrogen 860 77 14 Neon 600 27 23 Helium 227 2 70 Helium 238 0.4 2
The proof of cryogenic ultrasonic characterization
can be done now.
Measured Properties•Concentricity, Thickness of
Deuterium Ice Layer•Detection and Quantification
of Non-Bond Regions or Voids•Detailed Imaging of Internal
Structure
Cryogenic Cryogenic LiquidLiquid
Acoustic Acoustic TransducerTransducer
SampleSample
Support FrameSupport Frame
Heat ShieldHeat Shield
DewarDewar
Cryogenic Cryogenic LiquidLiquid
Acoustic Acoustic TransducerTransducer
SampleSample
Support FrameSupport Frame
Heat ShieldHeat Shield
DewarDewar
Cryogenic Cryogenic LiquidLiquid
Acoustic Acoustic TransducerTransducer
SampleSample
Support FrameSupport Frame
Heat ShieldHeat Shield
DewarDewar
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PNNL is Automating QA/QC of Coated Fuel Particle• Gen IV reactors require TRISO coated fuel particles.
• Developing and maintaining the TRISO coating process requires characterization of each constituent material.
• Production must be ~200 particles/sec to sustain each reactor with the 109’s of particles required at refueling.
• Present day QA/QC cannot meet these challenges.• Automated NDE methods are being developed.
– High-speed electrical, optical, ultrasonic and X-ray methods.
The DOE-NERI Program is supporting this work involving a research team lead by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, with collaborators at General Atomics, Iowa State University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
FuelKernel
Carbide Barrier100µm
Pyrolytic Carbon
* R. Hockey, L.J. Bond, C. Batishko, J.N. Gray, J. Saurwein, and R. Lowden, “Advances in Automated QA/QC for TRISO Fuel Particle Production,” Proceedings of ICAPP ’04, Pittsburgh, PA USA, June 13-17, 2004; Paper 4213
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Their Concept Is to Use Multiple Techniques.
• Sorting technology options– Optical– Ultrasonic– Electromagnetic
• Use multiple on-line technologies to give rapid go/no-go sorting– Increase reliability of
defect detection (POD)
Optical
Ultrasound
Electromagnetic
Reject
Reject
Reject
ACCEPT
Completed targets
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TRISO Fuel EM In-Line Characterization Concept
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
TRISO Coated Fuel ParticleCutaway shows coating layers
800-950 µm
Eddy Current(Conductivity
&Permeability)
Electric Field(Dielectric Constant)
PassFail
QA/QCMeter
Throughput200 particle/sec
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EC Signal vs. Dimensions,Normal TRISO & Thin SiC Layer
E CA
O
Ker
nel
kern
el+b
uf
kern
el+b
uf+I
PC
kern
el+b
uf+I
PC+S
iC
kern
el+b
uf+I
PC+S
iC+O
PC
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
R2
(from
line
ar re
gres
sion
)
• Dimensions determined by X-ray analysis.
• EC signal is affected primarily by conductivity & volume of each material
EE
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
OO
O
O
O
OO
O
O
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
X-ra
y D
eter
min
ed D
iam
eter
(µm
)
Normalized Coil Impedance Amplitude (%/100)
r13A1
r13A17r13A18
r5B2r5B5 r5B10
r5B11
r5B18
r5B20
KernelE kernel+bufC kernel+buf+IPCA kernel+buf+IPC+SiCO kernel+buf+IPC+SiC+OPC
R^2 = 3.953861E-1
R^2 = 8.473120E-1
R^2 = 8.506932E-1
R^2 = 6.332113E-1
R^2 = 7.815958E-1
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Capacitance of TRISO Particles with SiC Present (5) & Absent (12)
005-
B-B
100
5-B
-B3
005-
B-B
400
5-B
-B6
005-
B-B
700
5-B
-B8
005-
B-B
900
5-B
-B12
005-
B-B
1300
5-B
-B14
005-
B-B
1500
5-B
-B16
005-
B-B
1700
5-B
-B19
012-
B-B
301
2-B
-B5
012-
B-B
601
2-B
-B8
012-
B-B
901
2-B
-B10
012-
B-B
1101
2-B
-B12
012-
B-B
1301
2-B
-B14
012-
B-B
1501
2-B
-B16
012-
B-B
1701
2-B
-B19
012-
B-B
200
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25%
Cap
acita
nce
& EC
impe
danc
e am
plitu
de c
hang
e /1
00
Particle No.
Run 5 cap
Run 12 cap
Run 5 ec
Run 12 ec
• Fully coated, variable diameter particles to left.
• Minus SiC layer, variable diameter particles to right.
• Eddy current and electric field measurement compared for each particle.
Normal TRISO Missing SiC
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Conclusions
• Advanced inspection technologies provide potential to give on-line accept/reject for targets at multiple points in the creation of the target.
• This eliminates the assumption of statistical sampling.
• Characterization can be done at cryogenic temperatures when required.
• At the critical point before injection, multiple characterizations can improve probability of fielding a good target.
• Proposed technologies have history of successful application, currently being developed for TRISO fuel particles.