Concept of Sustainable Transport and integrated Land Use Planning
Transcript of Concept of Sustainable Transport and integrated Land Use Planning
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Concept of Sustainable Transport and integrated Land Use Planning-
An Overview
Manfred Breithaupt GIZ – Water, Energy, Transport
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The adverse impacts of growth in motorization - in economic, environmental and social terms - are ruining the quality of life in
our cities and our global climate.
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Challenges in developing cities
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In most cities, mobility is dominated by personal motorized transport. Many people choose cars to move around…
Challenges in developing cities
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Challenges in developing cities
Road transport is a major contributor to air pollution and climate change. Transport contributes to now 27% of energy-related CO2 emissions and is still growing!
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Challenges in developing cities
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Challenges in developing cities
Worldwide, 1.3 Million road deaths and up to 50 Million people injured per year
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…where is the space for people? the silent pedestrian, the invisible cyclist must be seen
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Urban Transport Challenges
Urban Sprawl:
Climate Change:
Growing Economy:
Road Safety:
Energy Consumption
The transport paradox - “Transport is unique as the only development sector that worsens as incomes rise. While sanitation, health, education and employment tend to improve through economic development, traffic congestion tends to worsen.”
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Urban Transport Planning Approaches
Known as
Automobile centered Approach
Traditional Approach Sustainable Approach
Contemporary Approach, planning to improve access
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Trends in cities Rapidly increasing car ownership and use Declining mode share of public transport, walking, and cycling Declining city centres; rapid decentralisation into car-oriented suburban sprawl
Focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars
More space for motorized vehicles, which let to less density and often to sprawl
Unsustainable focus
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Greater demand for space
Greater demand for travel
Living areas often far away fromcommercial activities
Greater impact on traffic
Greater impact on health and environment
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Vienna, Austria (1st)
Zurich, Switzerland (2nd)
Auckland, New Zealand (3rd )
Munich, Germany (4th)
Vancouver, Canada (5th)
Düsseldorf, Germany (6th)
Frankfurt, Germany (7th)
Geneva, Switzerland (8th)
Copenhagen, Denmark (9th)
Bern, Switzerland (10th)
Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2014 – Top 10 (worldwide):
Rankings of Quality of Living
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Traditional focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars, more space for motorized vehicles, unsustainable focus: Question is, how to use limited road space best
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Adopt Sustainable Transportation Policy and strategies
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Transport Demand Management (TDM)
Rationale: “Demand for transport services is not given, but depends on transportation policies, pricing, investments & choices”
Definition: „TDM is a strategy which aims to maximize the efficiency of the urban transport system by
discouraging unnecessary private vehicle use andpromoting more effective, healthy and environmental-
friendly modes of transport, in general being public transport and non-motorised transport“.
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Share (%) of publictransport, walking
and cycling
CO2 emissions (kg per capita per year)
CO2 emissions from passenger transport vs. modal split: Selected cities, different densities, different lifestyles
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AAVOID/Reduce Reducing the need to travel
SHIFT
Changing mode choice or at least keep the mode share of NMT
IMPROVE
Increasing the energy efficiency of vehicles, fuels and transport
operations
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…so, what is the impact of the Traditional/ automobile oriented approach to land use and
transport planning?
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Strategies to solve the problem
Avoid sprawl
Encouraging mixed Land Use
Dense, compact development
Transit oriented development
Good urban design (buildings AND public realm)
Not too much land for roads and parking (normally between 10 and 25% of land in a city, in US can be up to 45%, incl parking)
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The principles of the sustainable approach
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Encourage Compact and Mixed Land use
• Mixed Land-use reduces the necessity to make some trips
• Distance traveled is greatly reduced
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• Complemented with space for walking and cycling
Encourage Compact and Mixed Land use
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Planning Level Failure of Existing Transport Network Network Traffic dependent on major arterial roads even for short
Local Trips!
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… Kathmandu is not very far behindDevelopment of townships far from
the city center
Homogenous form. Predominantly residential. No
mixed use
Connected to the city center by broad roads, encourages automobile use.
Ad-hocdevelopment; no public transport, NMT networks
planned
Experience in the developing world …
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Urban Density & Carbon Intensity
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To sum up, the traditional automobile oriented approach of planning has resulted in
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Pedestrian friendly connections
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TOD Plan
300Meter
450Meter
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetteer
Core station area (400m): Pedestrian access generates a significant portion of transit trips.
Primary catchment area (800m): Bike and pedestrian access are major contributors to ridership
Secondary catchment area (1.5 km): Bike, feeder transit, and auto are the primary access modes to and from the stop or station.
Influence Zones of Transit Stops
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Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Transit users benefits Transit operator benefits
Benefits to society
More destinations near transit stations Better walking conditions Increased security near transit stations
Increased ridership Lower costs per rider Better image
Reduced traffic Reduced public infrastructure / service costs Community liveability Increased property values / business activity / tax revenues
Medium-density residential High-density
residential
High-density commercial and
residential
Transit station
Transit line
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Main Components of Sustainable Transport
Public Transport with priority over all other modes on the road
Non-motorised transport
Creating/conserving public space
PT Integration
TDM measures
Do you see these factors here?
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Image Source: GIZ-SUTP
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Walking areas, proper sidewalks, cycling network, and car-restricted zones
Promoting Public Space
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Promoting cycling
Promoting NMT
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Promoting cycling
Promoting NMT
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“In terms of infrastructure, what differentiates advanced cities are not highways or subways but quality sidewalks and cycleways”
Enrique Penalosa, former Mayor of Bogota, Colombia
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Equity
“The highest priority should go to public transport, walking and non-motorised vehicles that are accessible to almost everyone and have low impacts”
Enrique Peñalosa
2 people2 people
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BRT Guangzhou (Winner of 2011 STA Award)
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Street design: Example from Rotterdam
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Non-European Cities:
Europe:
International Experiences reg livable Cities
All of these successes featured an integrated and packaged approach:
1. High-quality public transport 2. Improved conditions for walking and bicycling 3. Effective integration of modes4. Supportive land-use policies 5. Car-restriction measures
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Integrated Transport Policy: PT, NMT and IMT
Modal Share of PT 36%
More than 2/3 of journeys are done by PT and NMT
Vienna top ranked in quality of living surveys conducted by the British consultancy firm Mercer during years 2009 to 2012
Examples: Vienna (#1 Quality of living Index)Public Transport and NMT (PT and NMT not for poorer cities, but smart solutions, promoting growth and attractive- ness. Proven to be a success factor for high income and successful cities)
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Relationship between GDP per Capita and Individual Motorized Modal Share
Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, Paris 2008
Relationship between GDP per Capita and Individual Motorized Modal Share
The transport paradox “Transport is unique as the only development sector that worsens as incomes rise. While sanitation, health, education and employment tend to improve through economic development, traffic congestion tends to worsen.” …but still: Decoupling of economic growth and individual motorized transport is achievable!
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Leadership
World’s best systems were developed with high levels of political support With strong political will, anything is possible
Enrique Peñalosa Former mayor of Bogota
Jaime Lerner Former mayor of Curitiba
Lee Myung-bak Mayor of Seoul
Perspective
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Public Awareness and Behavioural Change
Non-motorised Transport
Cycling-inclusive Policy Development: A Handbook
Travel Demand Management
Mass Transport Options
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Financing Urban Transport
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