Concept of sustaianability-main

8/7/2019 Concept of sustaianability-main

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SustainabilityEngineers in Society

VBB4043

Associate Professor Ir Dr Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin


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What is sustainability ???


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Sustainable developmentis a

pattern of resource use that aims to

meet human needs while preserving

the environment so that these needs

can be met not only in the present,

but also for future generations.

The definition..


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The Brundtland Commission convenedby the United Nations in 1983 to address

growing concern "about the acceleratingdeterioration of the human environmentand natural resources and theconsequences of that deterioration for

economic and social development."


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Since the 1980s, human sustainability

has implied the integration of

economic, social and environmentalspheres to: meet the needs of the

present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet

their own needs.


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SD is an Oxymoron..


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Scientific evidence shows that

humanity is living unsustainably, and a

UN report states that returning human

use of natural resources to within

sustainable limits will require a major

collective effort.

A collective effort..


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Sustainable development does not

focus solely on environmental issues.

The United Nations 2005 World Summit

Outcome Document refers to the"interdependent and mutually

reinforcing pillars" of sustainable

development as economicdevelopment, social development, and

environmental protection.


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Definition of Sustainability

The ability to

continue a defined

behavior indefinitely

Meet the needs

of the present without

compromising the

ability of future

generations to meet

their own needs

Sustainability

Sustainable

practices

United Nations, 1987


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Objectives of Sustainable Development

Reduce poverty/

increased equity

Management of

natural resources

Increased efficiency

and growth

SD has 3main

objectives

Social ObjectiveEnvironmental Objective

Economic Objective


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Objectives of Sustainable Development

3 main

objective

ofSD

Economic Objective

(Increased efficiency and

growth)

Social Objective

(Reduce

poverty/increased

equity)

Environmental

Objective

(Management of

natural resources)

Income distribution

Employment

Targeted assistance

Environmental assessment

Valuation

Internationalism

Popular participation

Consultation

Pluralism


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A representation of sustainability showing

how both economy and society are

constrained by environmental limits (2003)

Scheme of sustainable development:

at the confluence of three constituent

parts (2006)

Concept ofSustainability Science


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The name of this scientific field reflects a desire to give the generalities

and broad-based approach of sustainability a stronger analytic and

scientific underpinning as it:

... br ings together scholarship and practice, global and localperspectives from north and south, and disciplines across the natural

and social sciences, engineering, and medicine it can be usefully

thought of as "neither basic nor applied research but as a field

defined by the problems it addresses rather than by the disciplines it

employs; it serves the need for advancingboth knowledge and action

bycreating a dynamicbridge between the two.

Sustainability science, like sustainability itself, derives some impetus

from the concepts of sustainable development and environmental

science.

Concept ofSustainability Science


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Sustainability Science Focus Areas

Sustainability Science areas enfold defined criteria and areas that

constitute indices for measurement.

Amongst the indices are:

Human Development Index

Environmental Performance Index (formerly known as ESI)

Genuine Progress Index

Happy Planet Index

Sustainability Index

Human Impact Index

Ecosystem Richness Indicator

Economic Pressure Indicator


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Three dimensions in the HDI

Life expectancy Knowledge and education

Standard of living

Human Development Index (HDI)


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World EPI Indicator 2010

Source: Environment

Performance Indicator

(EPI) 2010


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World EPI Ranking 2006

1. New Zealand 88.0

2. Sweden 87.8

3. Finland 87.0

. Czech Republic 86.0

5. United Kingdom 85.6

6. Austria 85.2

7. Denmark 84.2

8. Canada 84.0

9. Malaysia 83.3

10. Ireland 83.3

11. Portugal 82.9

12. France 82.5

13. Iceland 82.1

14. Japan 81.9

15. Costa Rica 81.6

16. Switzerland 81.4

17. Colombia 80.4

18. Norway 80.2

19. Greece 80.2

20. Australia 80.1

21. Italy 79.8

22. Germany 79.4

23. Spain 79.2

24. Taiwan 79.1

25. Slovakia 79.1

26. Chile 78.9

27. Netherlands 78.7

28. United States 78.5

29. Cyprus 78.4

30. Argentina 77.7


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SCORES AND RAW DATA (MALAYSIA)

Score

(% proximity to

target)

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Air Pollution (effects on humans)

Environmental Burden of Disease 67.82

ECOSYSTEM VITALITY Fisheries 52.83

Trawling Intensity 5.66352

Climate Change 42.33

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita 41.9171

CO2 Emissions Per Electricity Generation 8.87401

Air Pollution (effects on ecosystem) 44.72

NitrogenOxides Emissions 44.9843 Ecosystem Ozone 35.2118

Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 51.8453

Non-Methane VolatileOrganic Compound Emissions 32.5925

Water Quality Index 54.6281

Marine Protection 29.6128

Malaysia EPI Indicator 2010 Area of Concern

Source: Environment

Performance Indicator

(EPI) 2010


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The genuine progress indicator (GPI) is an alternative metric system which is an

addition to the national system of accounts that has been suggested to replace, orsupplement, gross domestic product (GDP) as a metric of economic growth.

GPI is an attempt to measure whether a country's growth, increased production of

goods, and expanding services have actually resulted in the improvement of the

welfare (or well-being) of the people in the country.

GPI advocates claim that it can more reliably measure economic progress, as itdistinguishes between worthwhile growth and uneconomic growth.

The GPI will be zero if the financial costs of crime and pollution equal the financial

gains in production of goods and services, all other factors being constant.

1. Resource depletion

2. Crime

3. Ozone depletion

4. Family breakdown

5. Air, water, and noise pollution

6. Farmland

7. Wetlands

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)


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Core Concepts of Sustainability

Future Thinking:Intergenerational responsibility

Environmental Thinking:

Carrying capacity of the planetto absorb waste and support life

Social Justice:

Equity, Dignity, Basic services, Human rights,

Stakeholder voices

Economic:

responsibilities

1

2

3

4


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A view of community as three separate, unrelated parts: an economic

part, a social part and an environmental part. Traditional quality of life

indicators tend to measure these 3 parts separately

Traditional quality of life indicators


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A view of community as three concentric circles: the economy exists

within society, and both the economy and society exist within the

environment. Sustainability indicators attempt to measure the extent

to which these boundaries are respected

Sustainability quality of life indicators


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PLANET

Re-engineer

Reuse

Revert

Recycle

PEOPLE

Human rights

Social responsibility

Local community

Labor protections

PROFITS

Growth is both

essential and good

Defining economicvalue: eco-services

Challenge: Assimilating

profitability into

accreditation programs

and regulation

Sustainability Building Blocks


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Very Likely

that" hot

extreme heat

waves and

heavy rain fallwill become

more

frequently

5

Global Warming and Climate Changes

Temperature

increase of

2 - 6oC by

21001

Data source: (IPCC, AR4,2007)

Sea level

rise of

1-1.5m

by 2100

2

Snow cover

to shrink

with

increases inthaw depth

3

Increase in

hurricane and

tropical

cyclone

strength since1970 can be

attributed to

man made

global

warming4


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Indonesia

Hurricane & Floods (2005-2010)

USA

Hurricane KatrinaNew Orleans

2005

GCCKSA 12/12/2009

Oman 6/07/2010

UAE 06/2/2010

Pakistan

Pakistan floodsAugust 2010

Floods

Tsunami 2010

CHAD

Floods

02/06/2010


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New Orleans, USA, 2005


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New Orleans, USA, 2005


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Worldwide Rapid Urbanization


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Buildings Construction and Climate Changes

Heat gain

and Electricity

Consumptions

Concrete and

Cement

Produce CO2

Land uses

Modification

Construction

Wastes

1

2

3

4


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Malaysias Plan in Reducing

CO2 emissions

Malaysia is adopting an

indicator of a voluntary

reduction of up to 40 % interms of GHGs

emissions intensity by

the year 2020 comparedto 2005 levels.

(APEC, Energy Overview, 2010)


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Data source: (International Energy Agency,2010)

CO2 Emissions, Population & Electricity Use

Population/electicity/CO2 emission

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

USA

UK

German

y

Afric

a

Chin

a

India

Malays

ia

Singapo

re

Nigeria

Keney

a

Braz

il

UAE

Million/TW

h/

Population Electricity Consumption CO2 Emissions


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Is Energy generation from fossil

fuels sustainable ?

In 2004, Malaysia was ranked 24th

in terms of worlds oil reserves and

13th in natural gas.

Oil and gas reserves in Malaysia

amounted to 20.18 billion barrels

equivalent in 2007.

In the current production rate,

Malaysia will be able to produce oil

up to 18 years and gas for 35 years.

(Cha and OH,2010 )

Malaysia as a case study !


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Trend in CO2 emissions from fossil fuels

Most of the Observed

increase in globalaverage temperaturessince the mid-20th

century is very likelydue to observed increase

in anthropogenic GHGsconcentration.

IEA-2010IPCCAR4,2007


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CO2 emissions by sectors

CO2 emissions

The IEA projects a 1.7% peryear growth rate to 2030.

The U.S. EIA projects a2.0% per year rate in theabsence of additionalpolicies.

IEA suggests that emissionswill reach 40.4 GtCO2 in

2030, an increase of 14.3GtCO2 over the 2004 level.

(IPCC AR4,2007)

(IEA,2010)


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Chacaltaya Glacier, Bolivia (1940 - 2005)

By2005, the glacierhad separated into three distinct smallbodies

(IPCC AR4, 2007)


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Disappearance of lake Chad in Africa


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What are the main GHGs ?

1. Carbon Dioxide- CO2

2. Methane- CH43. Ozone- O3

4. Nitrous Oxide- N2O

5. Water Vapor- H2O

1 2

3

5

4Kyoto Protocol, 1998


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ElectricityGeneration from

fossil fuels

Household

appliances


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Global Warming Mitigation Action

Greening of the cities:

Parks & greenbelts

Urban villages Green buildings

Bio-remediation

Landscape restorationand rehabilitation


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Cement Replacing Materials

Cement Replacement Materials in

Construction Industry


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Fiber ReinforcementSteel Reinforced Concrete


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Wind Energy


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Photovoltaique Panels


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Hydroelectric Power Generation


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Save Electricity


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Recycling ofWaste Materials


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Sustainability


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Municipal

Economic

Security

Responsible

businesses,

Jobs, Tax base

Infrastructure

and Built

EnvironmentPublic transit,

Energy-efficient

buildings

Ecological IntegrityAir, Land, Water,

Biodiversity, Local

renewable energy,

Zero waste

Governance and

Empowerment

SocialW

ell-beingHealth care, Safety,

Education, Housing,

Culture

Responsible

Growth


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Corporate Sustainability

Economy - Profits

Growth, Jobs,Taxes

Products

Services

Environment - Planet

Eco-efficiencies

Eco-effectiveness

Equity - PeopleEmployees

Community / Culture

World

Sustainable

Development (SD)


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Smart Business

Asset

Management

Financial Capital

Built Capital

(Capital Growth)

Natural Capital

Human Capital

Social Capital

(Productive Society)Sustainable Value Creation


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Conclusion

Project site

Design

Construction

OperationMaintenance

Renovation

Deconstruction

ComfortDurability

Utility

Economy

Sustainability as a process should be considered at all phases


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Questions

Thank you

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