Concept of sociology Micro and Macro level

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Ramesh kumar

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There are two basic level of :

– .

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FAMILY

Definition Family:• It is a group of people of blood related or

adopted relative members. • It is a basic & oldest social institution and position in our society

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Types of Functions

Function of Family • Rearing • Reproduction • To ensure that new babies actually survive to become adult

members of that society.• To regulate sexual activity• To ensure that children are satisfactorily socialized into the

norms and values of society.• To provide economic support for other family members• To satisfy our emotional needs for love and security.• To provide us with a sense of place

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Types of Functions

Types of Family: By Structure: • Nuclear Family (Father + Mother + children) • Extended Family (Father + Mother + children +

unmarried relatives of wife or husband) • Joint Family (Father + Mother + children + married

relatives of wife or husband) • Single parent family (father or mother + children)

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Types of Functions

By Location: • Patrilocal : (Family is residing near the

Husband’s Relatives) • Matrilocal (Family is residing near the wife’s

Relatives)• Neolocal ((Family is residing nor husband

neither wife but new place )

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Types of Functions

By Head of Family:• Patrichial (Family is headed by husband)• Matrichial (family is headed by wife)• Bichial (Family is headed by both partner

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Education 2. Education:• A formal process in which knowledge,

skills, and values are systematically transmitted from one individual or group to another.

• Key Questions • How do educational practices vary across

different societies and historical periods?

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Education

• How does education affect individuals’ subsequent activities and achievements?

• What are the effects of class, race, and gender on educational institutions and experiences?

• What are the causes and consequences of various trends in education, such as grade inflation, violence in schools, and increasing public funding of religious instruction?

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Social Institution: EducationFunctions:

• Marx: Education serves the capitalist order by producing skilled workers with habits such as punctuality and respect for authority.

• Functionalist theory: Functions of education include transmitting shared values and beliefs, transmitting specific knowledge and skills, sorting individuals based on skill, and establishing social control over youths.

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Social Institution: Education

• Conflict theory: Educational tracking systems and other differential treatment of students reinforce social inequalities.

• Symbolic interactionism: Face-to-face interactions in the classroom can have long-range consequences for students’ educational achievements

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Social Institution: Religion3. Religion:

A unified system of beliefs and practices pertaining to the supernatural and to norms about the right way to live that is shared by a group of believers. Sociologists treat religion as a social rather than supernatural phenomenon.

Key Questions • How do the world religions differ? How are they similar?• How have religions developed and changed, and why do people engage

with them?• What is the relationship between religion and other aspects of social life

such as stratification, deviance, and conflict?• What are the causes and consequences of contemporary trends such as

secularization, the splintering of religious groups, and shifting church–state relationships?

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Social Institution: Religion

Functions of Religion:• Marx: Religion is the “opium of the people”—it

masks domination and diverts workers from rebelling against exploitation.

• Weber: Classified religions by their approach to salvation: Ascetic religions require active self-mastery; mystical religions require passive contemplation.– Other-worldly religions require focus on the next life (e.g.,

heaven); this-worldly religions require focus on earthly life.

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10 Benefits of Religion1. Friendship: Friendship is a vital element of any

religion. Congregation members can make wonderful and lasting friendships that can last a lifetime. The church, Mosque is a place to meet others that share your beliefs giving you a strong platform to build a friendship on.

2. Spiritual Growth Your beliefs will be strengthened and confirmed. You will explore your spirituality and from that can come personal growth. Your faith can help you find answers to those difficult questions and help you better understand your purpose in this world. Spiritual growth is a very personal adventure.

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10 Benefits of Religion

3. Mental Health Religion has been show to improve a person’s mental well being. Their belief system is reinforced and the interaction with other congregational members is very beneficial to one overall mental health.

4. Physical Health we have all read and heard about cases where a person’s physical well being has been improved by their religious beliefs. There are many documented cases where person’s beliefs have been the reason for their ability to fight a disease and become healthy again or to overcome obstacles and challenges relating to their health.

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10 Benefits of Religion5. Community Religion builds community as individuals

share their faith with other brothers and sisters of their religion. Social gatherings and meeting encourage a community to grow and prosper within the faith.

6. Creative Expression Religion also builds creativity and artistic skills through music and prayer. Congregational members are also able to increase their skill by participating in the choir or helping decorate the hall for a celebration.

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10 Benefits of Religion7. A Break Attending church sets a recognizable break

away from work, family issues, and self fulfilling issues. It’s a time out period that is dedicated to concentrating on the Lord.

8. Consoling Many people have found help for loneliness and grief in religion. In fact many have been known to turn to religion after the loss of a partner or loved one. In times of sadness and loneliness the church congregation and religion can be very consoling to a person.

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10 Benefits of Religion

9. Strength The faith in ones religion can give a person the strength to carry on, to struggle through obstacles and become a stronger and better person from the experience.

10. Life changing for some finding faith can be life changing. We’ve all heard of criminals that found God and turned their lives around to become a productive member in society.

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10 Benefits of Religion

• Religion is a very personal choice. Each religion has their own belief system but each religion has its ties to a higher power or God. Many religions play a large role in helping humanity as a whole. Offering counseling services, providing food and shelter for the poor, helping people in what ever capacity they can.

• No matter what faith you are the underlying belief is for the betterment of man kind.

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Social Institution: Economics4. Economic Institutions:• Sociologists understand the economy as the set of arrangements by which

a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods, services, and other resources.

Key Questions • What institutions and relations characterize different economic systems

(e.g., capitalism, socialism, and feudalism)?• How do consumption and leisure patterns differ among various cultures,

historical periods, and social groups?• How do the structures of business organizations affect productivity, job

satisfaction, and inequalities?• What are the causes and consequences of contemporary trends such as

economic liberalization, declining unionization, and increased consumer debt?

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Social Institution: Economics

Functions: • Marl Marx Said: Economic organization (the means

and relations of production) determines the major features of any society.

• Functionalist theory: Functions of economic institutions include: production and distribution of goods, assignment of individuals to different social roles such as occupations.

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Social Institution: Political Institution

5. Political Institutions:• Institutions that pertain to the governance of

a society, its formal distribution of authority, its use of force, and its relationships to other societies and political units. The state, an important political institution in modern societies, is the apparatus of governance over a particular territory.

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Social Institution: Political InstitutionKey Questions • How do political institutions differ across historical

periods and societies?• How do different social groups participate in political

institutions, and with what consequences?• How and why do individuals participate in political

processes such as voting or joining lobbying groups?• How are political institutions related to other aspects

of society, such as the economy and the mass media?

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Social Institution: Political InstitutionFunctions:

• Weber Said: Defines the state as an authority that maintains a monopoly on the use of violence in its territory.

• Functionalist theory: Functions of political institutions include protection from external enemies, resolving group conflicts, defining societal goals, and strengthening group identity and norms. Pluralism, a particularly functional type of political institution, entails distribution of power among many groups so no one group can gain control.

• Conflict theory: Pluralism and democracy are illusions that invite the powerless to believe that they have a voice in governance, when in fact their control is quite limited.

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IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY FOR NURSES

• By studying the sociology, she will be: • She will be able to give cultural-sensitive care. • She will be able to serve food or meal to patient

according his culture and religious values. • She will not impose her/his values and beliefs on

patients • She will not violate social values of the area where

she serves • She will be able to understand the relationship of

disease and culture

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IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY FOR NURSES

• She will be able to differentiate the Myths & Reality in Health.

• She will be mixed and socialized among local people or population of the area where she is serving.

• She will not criticize the other’s values and norms • She will be able to understand the effects or

relationship of way of living with diseases. • She will be able to understand the distribution and

social determinants of disease in different population and location.

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