“Concept of Integrated Approach to Air Pollution and its potential ...

CSD-15 Side Event, New York, May 2007

“Concept of Integrated Approach to Air Pollution and its potential

applicability on a wide scale”

T. Pignatelli (ENEA), F. Monforti (ENEA)M. Amann (IIASA)

[email protected]@bologna.enea.it

[email protected]

In collaboration with the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea, of Italy


Overview

Introduction

Historical hints

Concept of Integrated Approach – Application to Air Pollution

Examples of application (Asia, Europe, Italy)

Extension of applicability of the Integrated Approach

Conclusions


Introduction 1

Economic development without environmental controls –leads to external disbenefits on human health and environment – threatens sustainable development

Air pollution is a prime example where negativeimpacts on human environment are felt rather immediately

With ongoing economic development industrialized countrieshave taken effective counter-measures to control pollution


Introduction 2

Developing countries seem to take responsive action -earlier projections of air pollution indicate trend reversals at much lower levels of per capita income – and at much lower levels of per-capita pollution


2000

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Per-capita NOx emissions1940-2030


Introduction 3

Critical concern:

How to manage sustainable development /clean air without compromising economic development :

An integrated approach can indicate action that achieves maximum environmental benefits at least costs.


Historical hints (1)A successfull example of international cooperation, aimed at the protection of the environment and the human health, is given by the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), in the region of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE)

CLRTAP was signed in 1979, (the 25th anniversary celebrated in December 2004). It has been the first legally binding treaty for the protection of the environment. Nowadays, ratified by 51 parties.


Historical hints (2)The starting point was the acidification effects detected, in the sixties, in the Scandinavian rivers and lakes, due to the transboundary nature of some air pollutants, like sulphur oxides, recognized by extensive international research.

In the seventies, the acidification became an issue in Canada, as several studies demostrated the link between sources in USA and Eastern Canada and the acid deposition in the sensitive Canadian Shield. Hence, the extention of the geographical scope to North America


Historical hints (3)

Against the background of the cold war, CLRTAP succeeded in building trust between political blocks, increasing awareness and finally defining legally binding protocols, to take common actions.

The driving forces have changed over time, from politics to public concern, environmental damage and, more recently, health concern.


Historical hints (4)

Along years, with the improvement of the scientific knowlegde and awareness, other effects related to air pollution were taken into account. Damage to forest, crops, materials and human health became increasingly evident, due to other pollutants (e.g. Nitrogen oxides and ozone)

At the same time it became clear the causes of those effects were correlated among them, and had to be addressed simultaneously. The “Integrated Approach” concept was born.


Historical hints (5)The Protocols of the CLRTAPThe Protocols of the CLRTAP

Among the 8 Protocols established within CLRTAP, the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone, entered into force on 17 May 2005, is the first example oflegally binding instrument based upon a multi-pollutant, multi-effect approach applied to the Air Pollution.

The Gothenburg Protocol implies actions to be taken by The Gothenburg Protocol implies actions to be taken by the ratifying Parties for a simultaneous reductions of the ratifying Parties for a simultaneous reductions of emissions for the SOemissions for the SO22, NOx, NH, NOx, NH33, and VOC pollutants., and VOC pollutants.


Concept of Integrated Approach (1)

The solution of complex problems,The solution of complex problems, like combating the like combating the effects of Air Pollution, implies the investigation of all effects of Air Pollution, implies the investigation of all the concerned aspects, looking at links, sinergies and the concerned aspects, looking at links, sinergies and tradetrade--offs, pursuing the most effective actions to offs, pursuing the most effective actions to simultaneously address the causes behind. simultaneously address the causes behind.

In addressing the Air Pollution, science research issues, In addressing the Air Pollution, science research issues, technology developments, impact on the environment and technology developments, impact on the environment and human health, macrohuman health, macro--economic aspects, social economic aspects, social implications, etc. are simultaneouslyimplications, etc. are simultaneously tackled.


Concept of Integrated Approach (2)Integrated Assessment Approach applied to Air PollutionIntegrated Assessment Approach applied to Air Pollution

Simplified flow chartSimplified flow chart

Emissions Atmospheric dispersion

Depositions &concentrations

Health/Env Effects

Control technologies

Costs of implementation

Social aspectsGDP/capitacosts

EconomicDevelopment

Anthropogenicactivities



The application of the previous schema allows:The application of the previous schema allows:

Target settings (emission, impact, costs, etc)Target settings (emission, impact, costs, etc)

CostCost--benefit analysisbenefit analysis

MultiMulti--scenario analysis (e.g. business as usual, etc)scenario analysis (e.g. business as usual, etc)

Identifying specific mitigation measures for all atmospheric pollutants across all economic sectors that achieve the environmental targets at least costs



Introduction and evaluation of economic instruments (emission trading)

Evaluation of the level of social equity in policy development

Evaluation of relative contributions from different geographycal areas (even at hemispherical level)



Assumed the general applicability of such methodology, the Integrated Approach has been applied to Air Pollution, encoding the principles in proper modelling tools

More recently, even at national level IAM Projects have started, like in Italy and the Netherlands. Other EU Countries are considering similar projects (e.g. Sweden, Ireland)

Ad hoc Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) have been developed and successfully applied, in the development of environment policies, in the frame of CLRTAP, in Asia, in the European Union.


Application of integratedassessment models to

Air Pollution

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MINNI – The Italian Integrated model.A tool for scientific support to policies in the

field of air pollution.


RAINS ItalyRAINS ItalyMINNIMINNINational National IntegratedIntegratedModelModel

Transfer matrix

Scenario

Atmospheric Modelling System

CSD-15 Side Event, New York, May 2007MINNI: atmospheric module

Transfer matrices

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Setting up an up-do-date Atmospheric Modelling Systems provides the national policy makers with a tool suitable to testoptions in addition to the typical RAINS scenarios.

This is a further opportunity for “spot” applications of the modelling system to develop policy strategies involving a limited number/kind of sources and/or a limited area.

Other “Side benefits”


“Side benefits” - Examples



• Evaluation of future power plants in Po Valley



Application of PM filter to off-road vehicles

PM10 Composition – 1999 -Italy

Primary Secondary

Ground level NO2 - MINNI


Ground level NO2 – Piedmont CTM


Future developments of AMS

Extension to other meteorological years to better assess uncertainties.

Contnuous improvement of physical chemical desciption

Evolution to a national air quality forecast system. (TBE).


Extension of the integrated approach

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Conclusions

The Economic Development implies environmental controls, to be sustainable.

The Integrated Approch provides measures to achieve environment/health targets at least costs, taking into account of social aspects, too.

The Integrated Approch to Air Pollution, can be applied to other geographical areas and extended to additional pollutants and also to consider other perspectives.


Acknowledgements

The Ministry for the Environment, the Land and the Sea, of Italy

The Secretariat of UN-ECE LRTAP

The EU Commission

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