Concept of Diffraction Gratings - EMPossibleDiffraction from Gratings Slide 4 The field is no longer...

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4/16/2020 1 Advanced Electromagnetics: 21 st Century Electromagnetics Concept of Diffraction From Gratings Fields are Perturbed by Objects Slide 2 A portion of the wave front is delayed after travelling through the dielectric object. inc k The rest of the wave front is not delayed. 1 2

Transcript of Concept of Diffraction Gratings - EMPossibleDiffraction from Gratings Slide 4 The field is no longer...

Page 1: Concept of Diffraction Gratings - EMPossibleDiffraction from Gratings Slide 4 The field is no longer a pure plane wave. The grating “chops” the wave front and sends the power into

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Advanced Electromagnetics:

21st Century Electromagnetics

Concept of Diffraction From Gratings

Fields are Perturbed by Objects

Slide 2

A portion of the wave front is delayed after travelling through the dielectric object.

inck

The rest of the wave front is not delayed.

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Fields in Periodic Structures

Slide 3

Waves in periodic structures take on the same periodicity as their host.

k

1,trnk

2,trnk

3,trnk

4,trnk 5,trnk

x

x

Diffraction from Gratings

Slide 4

The field is no longer a pure plane wave.  The grating “chops” the wave front and sends the power into multiple discrete directions that are called diffraction orders. 

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Reason for Discrete Diffraction Orders (1 of 2)

Slide 5

The field must be continuous so only discrete directions are allowed.  The allowed directions are called the diffraction orders.The allowed angles are calculated using the famous grating equation.

Allowed Not Allowed Allowed

Reason for Discrete Diffraction Orders (2 of 2)

Slide 6

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Grating Lobes

Slide 7

If the power exiting a periodic structure is plotted as a function of angle, the following would be obtained.  The power peaks are called grating lobes or sometimes side lobes.  The power minimums are called nulls.

Grating Lobe Level

Main Beam (Zero‐order mode)

inc incincr,avg 2 2

j k K r j k K rjk r A AA e e e

Field in a Periodic Structure

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r r,avg cosr K r

A wave 𝐸 𝑟 propagating through this grating takes on the same symmetry as the grating.

incjk rAE r er

incr,avg cos jk rA K r e

Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3

The dielectric function 𝜀 𝑟 of a sinusoidal grating can be written as

2K

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Grating Produces New Waves (1 of 7)

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A wave 𝑘 enters the diffraction 

grating defined by grating vector 𝐾…

Grating Produces New Waves (2 of 7)

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…and splits into three waves.

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Grating Produces New Waves (3 of 7)

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Then each of these splits into three waves…

Grating Produces New Waves (4 of 7)

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…and each of these splits into three waves…

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Grating Produces New Waves (5 of 7)

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…and so on.

Grating Produces New Waves (6 of 7)

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Grating Produces New Waves (7 of 7)

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All possible directions are defined by

inc

any integer

k m k mK

m

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