CONCEPT 1 Nature of Science• _______________ is a way of learning about the natural world that is based on evidence and logic. • The goal of science is to understand ______ and ______ things happen. • Science advances as new evidence accumulates and allows scientists to___________, ___________, or ___________on accepted ideas about the natural world.

CONCEPT 2 Scientific Induction • ______________________________ is the process of

drawing _________________ conclusions based on

many pieces of evidence. This type of

reasoning is the basis of the

____________________________.

• In science, inductive reasoning is used to

draw general conclusions from evidence.

The conclusions are ________________ if

necessary to explain new evidence as it

becomes available.

• Inductive reasoning ________________ prove

conclusively that an idea is true, but it may

lead to conclusions that are very likely to

be true.

CONCEPT 3 Scientific Theory • A ___________________ is a broad explanation that is widely accepted because it is supported by a great deal of _________________. • Examples of theories in physical science include Dalton’s atomic theory, Einstein’s theory of gravity, and the kinetic theory of matter. • The formation of scientific theories is generally guided by the law of _________________. According to this law, the _______________ of competing theories is most likely to be correct.

CONCEPT 4 Scientific Law • A scientific ________ is a statement describing what always happens under certain conditions. Newton’s three laws of motion are examples of laws in physical science. • A scientific law states what always ____________ but not ______ it happens. Scientific theories answer “why” questions.

CONCEPT 5 History of Science • Science has roots that go back thousands of years to Greek philosophers including Thales and Aristotle.

• The scientific method was introduced in the 700s by a Persian scientist named ____________________________.

• Modern science began with the scientific revolution in Europe the 1500s and 1600s. The scientific revolution

was launched by Copernicus’ new ideas about the _______________________________________.

• In the early 1900s, Einstein rocked science with his theory of gravity, which explained the concept in an

entirely new way.

CONCEPT 6 Scientific Process • _______________ are at the heart of science. They produce evidence that helps scientists answer questions and better understand the world. • Most scientists follow the same general approach to investigation, which is called the ______________________. It includes the following steps: ask a _______________, do background research, construct a __________________, test the hypothesis by doing an experiment, analyze the ______ and draw a _____________, and report the results.

CONCEPT 7 Observation • An _______________________ is any information that is gathered with the senses. • Observations raise ______________ that lead to scientific investigations. Observations also help scientists gather evidence in investigations.

CONCEPT 8 Hypothesis • In science, a _____________ is an

educated guess that can be tested with

observations and falsified if it really is false.

• You cannot prove conclusively that most

hypotheses are true because it’s generally

impossible to examine all possible cases for

exceptions that would disprove them.

CONCEPT 9 Scientific Experiments • An ___________________ is a controlled scientific study of specific variables. A variable is a factor that can take on different values. • There must be at least ________ variables in any experiment: a __________________ variable and a ____________________ variable. • A _______________ is a variable that must be held constant so it won’t influence the outcome of an experiment.

CONCEPT 10 Field Study • In a __________________ study, a scientist gathers evidence in the ______________________________ instead of in a lab. • Field studies are needed to investigate the _____________________________. An example of a field study is collecting samples of river water to test for evidence of pollution.

CONCEPT 11 Communication in Science• The last step of most scientific investigations is __________ the results of the research. When scientists share their findings, they add to the body of ____________________. They may also get useful ________from other scientists. • Scientists may communicate about their research in several ways, such as presenting _________ or _________ at scientific conferences and publishing _________ in scientific journals.

CONCEPT 12 Replication in Science • Getting the same result when an experiment is repeated is called _____________________. If research results

can be replicated, it means they are more likely to be ______________.

• Replication is important in science so scientists can “_____________________________.” The result of an

investigation is not likely to be well accepted unless the investigation is repeated many times and the same

result is always obtained.

CONCEPT 13 International System of Units •The___________________________usedbymostscien2stsandengineersistheInterna2onal

SystemofUnits,orSI.TherearesevenbasicSIunits,includingunitsforlengthandmass.

•IfyouknowtheEnglishequivalentsofSIunits,youcanconvertSIunitstoEnglishunitsorvice

versa.

CONCEPT 14 Scientific Measuring Devices • In science, length may be measured with a metric ruler using SI units such as ____________ and ____________. • Scientists measure mass with a ________, such as a triple beam balance or electronic balance. • In science, the ________ of a liquid might be measured with a graduated cylinder.

CONCEPT 15 Accuracy and Precision • _______________ means making measurements that are close to the ___________________ . • _______________ means making measurements that are close in value to each other but not necessarily close to the true value.

CONCEPT 16 Calculating Derived Quantities • _________________________________ are quantities that are calculated from two or more measurements. They

include area, volume, and density.

• The area of a rectangular surface is calculated as its ______________ multiplied by its ______________ .

• The volume of a rectangular solid is calculated as the product of its ______________ , ______________ , and

______________ .

• The density of an object is calculated as its ______________ divided by its ______________ .

• A given derived quantity is always expressed in the same type of units. For example, area is always expressed

in squared units, such as cm2 .

CONCEPT 17 Significant Figures• In any measurement, the number of _________________________ is the number of

digits thought to be correct by the person doing the measuring. It includes all digits that

can be read directly from the measuring device plus one ________________ digit.

• To determine the number of significant figures in a measurement that someone else has

made, follow the rules for counting significant figures.

• When measurements are used in a calculation, the answer cannot have more significant

figures than the measurement with the _______________ significant figures.

• ______________ is done when one or more ending digits are dropped to get the

correct number of significant figures. Simple rules state when to round up and when to

round down.

CONCEPT18Scien/ficNota/on• _______________________ is a way of writing very large or very small numbers that uses exponents. Numbers are written in the format: a × 10b . • Changing numbers to or from scientific notation is easy to do by following three simple steps.

CONCEPT 19 Descriptive Statistics• _________________________________________ are

measures that summarize the characteristics of a sample.

• The _______________________________________, or

center, of a sample can be represented by the mean,

median, or mode.

• The __________________________ in a sample can be

represented by the range, or the total spread of values.

CONCEPT 20 Scientific Graphing• Graphs are very useful tools in science because they display data _______________________. Three commonly used

types of graphs are __________________________, __________________________, and __________________________. Each type of graph is suitable

for a different type of data.

• ______________________ graphs are suitable for comparing values for different things, such as the average numbers of

tornadoes for different cities.

• ______________________ graphs are used to show percents of a whole, such as the percent of all U.S. tornadoes with

different strengths.

• ______________________ graphs are especially useful for showing changes over time, such as variation in the number of

tornadoes by month throughout the year.

CONCEPT 21 Scientific Modeling • A _____________ is a representation of an object, system, or process that is simpler and easier to understand than the real thing. • Examples of simple models in physical science include two-dimensional models of molecules and electric circuits.

CONCEPT 22 Safety in Science • Lab safety symbols warn of specific _______, such as flames or broken glass. Knowing the symbols allows you to recognize and avoid the dangers. • Following basic safety rules, such as wearing safety gear, helps prevent __________ in the lab and in the field. • All accidents should be reported ___________.