Concavity and the Second Derivative Test
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Transcript of Concavity and the Second Derivative Test
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Concavity and the Second Derivative
Test Determine the intervals on which the graphs of functions are concave upward or concave downward.Find the points of inflection of the graphs of functions.Use the Second Derivative Test to find the relative extrema of functions.
Standard 4.5a
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Concavity – the property of curving upward or downward
Concave upward
f’ is increasing
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Concave downward
f’ is decreasing
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Definition of Concavity
Let f be differentiable on an open interval I. The graph of f is
1. Concave upward on I if f’ is increasing on the interval.
2. Concave downward on I if f’ is decreasing on the interval.
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Test for Concavity
Let f be a function whose second derivative exists on an open interval I.
1. If f ´´(x) > 0 for all x in I, then f is concave upward on I.
2. If f ´´(x) < 0 for all x in I, then f is concave downward on I.
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Determine the intervals on which the graph is concave upward or concave downward.
1. Locate the x-values at which f ´´(x) = 0 or f ´´(x) is undefined.
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2. Use these x-values to determine the test intervals.
3. Test the signs of f ´´(x) in each test interval.
Interval (-∞, -√3) (-√3, √3) (√3, ∞)Test Values x = -2 x = 0 x = 2
Sign of f ´´(x)
f ´´(-2) > 0 f ´´(0) < 0 f ´´(2) > 0
Conclusion Concave upward
Concave downward
Concave upward
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Defintion of Point of Inflection
If the graph of a continuous function has a tangent line at point where the concavity changes from upward to downward (or vice versa) then the point is a point of inflection.
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Property of Points of Inflection
If (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection of the graph of f, then either f ´´(c) = 0 or f ´´(c) is undefined at c.
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Find the points of inflection of the graph.
Possible inflection point
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(-∞, 4) (4, ∞)x = 0 x = 5
f ´´(0) < 0 f ´´(5) > 0Concave
downConcave up
Inflection point (4, 16)
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It is possible for the second derivative to be zero at a point that is not a point of inflection.
* You must test to be certain that the concavity actually changes.
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Find the points of inflection and discuss the concavity of the graph of the function.
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Possible points of inflections: x = 0, x = 3
(0, 3) (3, ∞) x = 1 x = 4
f ´´(1) > 0 f ´´(4) < 0Concave upward Concave
downward
Inflection Point:
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cIf f ´(c) = 0 and f ´´(c) >
0, f (c) is a relative minimum
Concave Upward
f ´´(c) > 0
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cIf f ´(c) = 0 and f ´´(c) > 0, f (c) is a
relative minimum
Concave downward
f ´´(c) < 0
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Second – Derivative Test
Let f ´(c) = 0 and let f ´´exist on an open interval containing c.
1. If f ´´(c) > 0, then f(c) is a relative minimum.2. If f ´´(c) < 0, then f(c) is a relative maximum.3. If f ´´(c) = 0 then the test fails. Use the First
Derivative Test.
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Find the relative extrema using the Second-Derivative Test
1. Find the critical numbers.
Critical Numbers
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3. Plug the critical numbers into the second derivative to determine relative extrema.
2. Find the second derivative.
Relative minimum (-1, 2)
Relative maximum (1, 2)Test fails
(-1, 0) (0, 1)f ´(-1/2)
>0f ´(1/2)
>0
Increasing
Increasing
(0,0) is neither a relative max or a
relative min
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Find the relative extrema using the Second-Derivative Test.
Test fails
Relative min (3,-26 )
(-∞, 0) (0, 3)f ´(-1) < 0 f ´(1) < 0
Decreasing Decreasing
(0,1) is neither a relative max or a
relative min