ComTheo 1

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COMMUNICATION

THEORY:THELEARNING EXPECTATION

Pensyarah: Dr. Mohd. Syuhaimi Bin Ab. Rahman

Makmal Penyelidikan komputer dan Sekuriti Rangkaian

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Elektronik & Sistem

Universiti Kebangsaaan Malaysia

43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Email: [email protected]

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Lecture 1
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Course Outcomes

No.Hasil Pembelajaran Kursus OP

1OP2

OP3

OP4

OP5

OP6

OP7

OP8

OP9

OP10

OP11

OP12

Kaedah Penyampaian Kaedah Pengukuran& Penilaian

1 Ability to describe basic blocks ofcommunication systems(Knowledge)

3 Classroom lecture PKP, peperiksaan, kuizdan tugasan

2 Ability to understand and apply thetheoretical of amplitude and digital

modulation in communication systems.(Comprehension and application)

3 2 Classroom lecture andtutorial

PKP, peperiksaan,amali, laporan dan

bertulis

3 Ability to understand and calculate noiseeffect on the performance of analog anddigital communication systems.(Knowledge and application)

3 2 Classroom lecture andtutorial

PKP, Peperiksaan, kuizdan tugasan

4 Ability to explain and give examples on

the real application of communicationsystems.(Comprehension)

1 1 1 3 Group work PKP, PRK, laporan

bertulis danPerbentangan

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Program Outcomes (POs)

PO 1 Ability to acquire knowledge of basic science and engineering

fundamentals.

PO 2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical

community.

PO 3 Having in-depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering

course.

PO 4 Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solutionPO 5 Ability to utilize systems approach to design and evaluate operational

performance

PO 6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the

capacity to be a leader or manager as well as an effective team member.

PO 7 Having the understanding of the social, cultural, global and environmental

responsibilities and ethics of a professional engineer and the need for

sustainable development.




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Program Outcomes (POs)

PO 8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiring

the capacity to do so and the need to have information management skill.

PO 9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and

interpret data.

PO10 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.

PO11 Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those

related to microelectronics engineering.

PO12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary

for engineering practice.




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REFERENCE BOOK

Electronic Communication Systems, Blake,Delmar, 2nd Edition.

Buku teks: An Introduction to Analog and

Digital Communications, Haykin, Wiley &Sons.

Digital Analog Communication Systems, Leon

Couch , 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall.




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Architecture

Programme

Outcomes

Curriculum/ Course

Outcomes

PEO Faculty Member

Students

Parents

Industry

SYSTEM Stakeholders

Alumni

Were formulated tocongruent with

Were design to

support

Fig.1. The relation between COs, POs and POs, and the list of the stakeholders.




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Weekly Teaching Plan

Week Topic

1 Introduction to communication systems: block diagram, signalrepresentative, and noise.

2 Analog modulation (AM): AM, QAM, DSB, SSB3 Analog Modulation: VSB, modulator and demodulator, applications

4 Frequency modulation (FM): Bessel function, modulator anddemodulator, applications

5 Phase modulation (PM): modulator and demodulator, applications

6 Digitization techniques: PCM, Delta modulation, ADPCM

7 Coding RZ, NRZ, AMI etc.

8 Mid-Semester examination

9 Project Communication system application

10 Digital modulation: ASK, FSK

11 Digital Modulation: PSK, BPSK, MSK, QAM

12 Digital multiplex: FDM, TDM, hierarchy

13 Multiple access technique: CDMA. FDMA, WDMA

14 Communication system application i.e. antenna, radar etc

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Evaluation Weightage

Project & Presentation 20 - 30 %

Assignment 10 - 30 %

Examination 40 - 60 %

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Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signal over a distance for

the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the

use ofsmoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or heliograph. In modern

times, telecommunication typically involves the use ofelectronic transmitters

such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the

field of telecommunication include Antonio Meucci (telephone), Alexander

Graham Bell (telephone), Guglielmo Marconi (radiotelegraph) and John

Logie Baird (television). Telecommunication is an important part of the

world economy and the telecommunication industry's revenue has beenplaced at just under 3 percent of the gross world product

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to communication systems
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- The TechnologyEvolved

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Block Diagram of Communication System




Input Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver Output Transducer

Message

signal

Transmitted

signal

Received

Signal

Output

signalOutput

Message

Output

Message

CarrierAdditive noise, interference, distortion

resulting from band limiting and

nonlinearities, switching noise in

networks, electromagnetic discharges

such as lightning, powerline coronadischarge and so on.

Transducer : an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another, for

example speech waves are converted by a microphone to voltage variation.

Transmitter : The device that is purposely used to couple the signal to the signal. The place

where modulation process happened.Channel : The medium where the signal is transmitted from transmitter to receiver. For

instance; air, copper cable, optical cable, free space

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All information transmission system invariably involve three major

subsystem a transmitter, the channel, and the receiver.




INTRODUCTION: The Block diagram of comm. system

The wide variety of possible sources of information results in many different form for

messages. Regardless of their exact form, however, messages may be categorized as

analog or digital.

The analog signal modeled as function ofcontinuous-time variable, x(t)(e.g. pressure,temperature, speech, music), whereas the digital signal consists ofdiscrete symbols,x[n].

The massage produced by the source must be converted by a transducer to a form

suitable for the particular type of communication system employed. Ex: Speech waves

are converted by a microphone to voltage variations. The converted massage referred to

as the message signal.

The signal can be interpreted as the variation of a quantity, often a voltage or current,

with time.

Input transducer

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Block Diagram of Comm. System

The purpose of the transmitter is to coupler the message to the channel.

Modulation is the systematic variation of some attribute of the carrier, such as amplitude,phase or frequency in accordance with the function of the message signal.

The several reasons for using a carrier and modulating it.

1. For ease of radiation Enveloping the low frequency to high frequency

2. To reduce noise and interference The amplitude & immunity3. For channel assignment Frequency or wavelength alllocation

4. For multiplexing or transmission of several messages over a single channel

- Multiplexing by means of FDM, WDM, CWDM, DWDM

5. To overcome equipment limitations Require many equipment to

accomplish the task

The other process which involve in the transmitter also filtering, amplification, and coupling the

modulated signal to the channel. Ex. antenna.

Transmitter




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Receiver




The receivers function is to extract the desired message from the received signal at

the channel output and to convert it to a form suitable for the output transducer.

Although amplification may be one of the first operations performed by the receiver,

especially in radio communications, where the received signal may be extremely

weak, the main function of the receiver is to modulate the received signal.

Often it is desired that the receiver output be a scaled, possibly delayed, version of

the message signal at the modulator output, although in some case a more general

function of the input message is desired. However , as a result of the presence ofnoise and distortion, this operation is less than ideal.

Output Transducer (Decoder/Interpreter)

Block Diagram of Comm. System

The output transducer completes the communication system. The device coverts the

electric signal at its input into the form desired by the system user.

The examples of transducer includes telephone, tape recorder, personal computer,

meter and CRT.

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2. Channel Characteristic

Noise Source




Noise in a communication system can be classified into two broad categories,depending on its source.; Internal noise and External noise.

Noise generated by components within a communication system, such as resistor,

electron tubes and solid-state active devices, is referred to as internal noise.

The second category, external noise, results from sources outside a communication

system, including atmospheric, man-made and extraterrestrial sources.

Atmospheric noise results primarily from spurious radio waves generated by the

natural electrical discharges within the atmosphere associated with thunderstorms,

commonly referred to as static or spheric. Below about 100 MHz, the field strength

of such radio waves is inversely proportional to frequency. Therefore, it affects

commercial AM broadcast radio, which occupies the frequency range from 530 kHz

to 1.6 MHz, more than it affects television and FM radio, which operate in frequencybands above 50 MHz.

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Noise Source Man-made noise include high-voltage powerline corona discharge, commutator-

generated noise in electrical motors, automobile and aircraft ignition noise, and

switching-gear noise. This impulsive noise (audio) is the predominantly type in

switched wireline channels, such as telephone channels. For applications such as

voice transmission, impulse noise is only an irritation factor; however, it can be a

serious source of error in application involving transmission of digital data.

Impulse noise is a category of (acoustic) noise which includes unwanted, almost

instantaneous (thus impulse-like) sharp sounds (like clicks and pops). Noises ofthe kind are usually caused by electromagnetic interference, scratches on the

recording disks, and ill synchronization in digital recording and communication.

Extraterrestrial noise source include our sun and other hot heavenly bodies, such as stars.

Owing to its high temperature (6000C) and relatively close proximity to the earth, the sun

is an intense, but fortunately localized, source ofradio energy that extends over a broad

frequency spectrum. Similarly, the stars are sources of wideband energy. Although muchmore distant and hence less the intense than the sun, nevertheless they are collective an

important source of noise because of their vast numbers.

Radio-Frequency interference (RFI) is noise due to interfering transmitter. It is

particularly troublesome in situation in which a receiving antenna is subject to a high-

density transmitter environment, as in mobile communications in a large city.

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Noise Source

Internal noise results from the random motion of charge carriers in electroniccomponents. It can be three general type: Thermal noise, short noise and flicker

noise.

Thermal noise caused by the random motion of free electrons in a conductor or

semiconductor excited by thermal agitation.

Shot noise is cause by the random arrival of discrete charge carriers in such devicesas thermionic tubes or semiconductor junction devices.

Flicker noise is produced in semiconductors by a mechanism not well understood and

is more severe the lower the frequency.




h l i

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Thermal agitation of electron

Thermal Agitation refers to the motion of electrons in a conductor due to heat. That is, without a current being

applied, the electrons are not still, but move about randomly in accordance with the amount of heat energy (the

temperature) of the material.

Temperature is essentially the measure of the energy of a particle. The warmer something is, the more

energetic its particles are, so the more they move around. Thermal agitation is just about how much particles

(mainly electrons) move around based on their energy. It's primarily a quality seen and talked about in

conductors of electricity - as more current applied, the thermal agitation increases.

http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a102-thermal-agitation

Signal w/o noise

Signal with noise

Spectrum of signal will thermal noise affection

Thermal Noise

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Sensitivity -22 dBm Thermal Noise vs Data Rate

7.7113E-22

4.9050E-22

2.8339E-22

1.4171E-22

6.8476E-23

0

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

ThermalNoise(W/Hz)

Data Transmission Rate (Mbps)

SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH TEAM



OC-12

OC-48

OC-24

OC-192OC-96

Thermal noises are changed according the system transmission rate

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Figure 12 The effect of transmission rate to BER performance at wavelength 1530 nm measured atdifferent distances up to 700 km. The decrement of transmission rate increases the receiversensitivity and BER is further improved from OC-48 to OC-12 using the same receiver.

BER vs Distance @ Different Data Rate

System

downgrading

Thermal noises are fixed at tn= 2.8339x10-22




P f I t BER

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Performance Impact - BER

1.0E-53

1.0E-501.0E-47

1.0E-44

1.0E-41

1.0E-38

1.0E-35

1.0E-32

1.0E-29

1.0E-26

1.0E-23

1.0E-20

1.0E-17

1.0E-141.0E-11

1.0E-08

1.0E-05

1.0E-020 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

BER

Length (km)

HT=2.83386E-22W/Hz)

HT=1E-21W/Hz)

Figure 1. The effect of transmission distance to the BER values at two different thermal noise

values. 3 dB difference of photodetector sensitivity will shift the maximum length to 11 km.

BER=1x10-9

BER=1x10-9

=11 km




Sensitivity = -17.5 dBm

Sensitivity = -20.5 dBm

3 T f i i Ch l

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3. Types of transmission Channels

1. The basic physical principle involved is the coupling of electromagnetic

energy into a propagation medium, which can be free space or the

atmosphere, by means of a radiation element referred to as an antenna.

Many different propagation modes are possible, depending on the physical

configuration of the antenna & the characteristics of the propagation

medium.

Electromagnetic-Wave Propagation Channels

The types of Transmission Channels consist of 3 classes:

1. Electromagnetic-Wave propagation Channels

2. Guided Electromagnetic-wave Channels

3. Optical Links




3 T f i i Ch l

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Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels




Wireless communication is the transfer of info. over a distance without the use of electrical conductors

or "wires".The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or long

(thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear, the term is

often shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is generally considered to be a branch of

telecommunications.

It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two way radios, cellular telephones,

personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples ofwireless technology

include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and

headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones.

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Rain Fall Effect

3 T f t i i Ch l

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Guided electromagnetic-Wave Channels

1. Up until the last part of the twentienth century the most extensive example

of guided electromagnetic wave channel is the part of the long-distance

telephone network that uses wire line, but this has almost exclusively been

replaced by the optical fiber

2. Bandwidths on coaxial-cable links are a few megahertz. The need forgreater Bandwidth initiated the development of millimeter-wave

waveguide transmission systems.

3. However, with the development of low-loss optical fiber, efforts to

improve millimeter wave systems to achieve greater ceased.





3 T f t i i Ch l

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Optical Links




1. A typical fiber-optic communication system has a light source, which may

be either a LED or a semiconductor laser, in which the intensity of thelight is varied by the message source.

2. The output of this modulator is the input to a light-conducting fiber.

3. The receiver, or light sensor, typically consists of a photodiode. In a

photodiode, an average current flows that is proportional to the opticalpower of the incident light. However, the exact number of charge carriers

(electron) is random. The output of the detector is the sum of the average

current which is proportional to modulation & a noise component.


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The Projects The Contemporary Issue in Communication

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1. Fiber to the Home (FTTH)2. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

3. Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

4. Ethernet

5. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)




The Projects The Contemporary Issue in Communication

The Contents

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1. Introduction Why we need the Technology ?

2. Architecture

3. Equipment

4. Latest Technology/Issue

5. Comparison




The Contents

Customer access network: FTTH ON SITE

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Customer access network: FTTH ON-SITE

COOLT

OS

Feeder

Drop

Communication equipment :Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

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Communication equipment :Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

ISCOM5504 is Optical Line Terminal of Raisecom GEPON system that aggregates Ethernettraffic from remote ONU devices through passive optical splitters. It provides 4 single-strandPON interfaces for communicating with downlink ONU devices and 4 gigabit combo interfacesfor connecting with uplink switches, enabling a high-speed and cost efficient FTTH solution in

last mile. Raisecom GEPON complies with IEEE802.3ah standard and enhances the transferrates of high-speed Internet connection services by fiber optics while reducing the cost bysharing multiple lines. It can greatly reduce the networking CAPEX and OPEX for its reducingfailure points and simplifying network architecture, presenting carriers an ideal solution fordeploying packet switching network with limited fiber resources.




The Man Strength

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1. Leader

2. Moderator

3. Artistic4. Engineer I

5. Engineer II




The Man Strength

Each group should assigned the responsibilities to all of the members. The

responsibilities must comprise of:

Details

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Details

Duration : 3 weeks

Time of Presentation : 20 minutes

Marks

Report : 15 %

Presentation : 15 %

ComTheo 1

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