Computers Ch1
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Transcript of Computers Ch1
Mongolia International University
ComputersComputersTools for an information AgeTools for an information Age
Chapter 1Chapter 1
B.M.HB.M.H
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Question 1
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IndexIndex
What is a computer?What is a computer? The beginning of ComputerThe beginning of Computer
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What is a computer?What is a computer?
In a dictionary before 1940, In a dictionary before 1940, Compute + erCompute + er computer : a person who performs computer : a person who performs
calculations.calculations.
The modern definitionThe modern definition emerged in 1940s, when the first electronic emerged in 1940s, when the first electronic
computing devices were developed computing devices were developed
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The beginning of The beginning of ComputerComputer
ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) 1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry - 1st Electronic digital computer- 1st Electronic digital computer
MARK-1MARK-1 1944, Howard Aiken1944, Howard Aiken
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) 1946, John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.1946, John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr. - 1- 1stst Large scale electronic digital computer Large scale electronic digital computer
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) Maurice WilkesMaurice Wilkes
UNIVAC-I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer)UNIVAC-I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)Computer)
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ABC(Atanasoff Berry Computer)
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ENIAC computerENIAC computerENIAC computerENIAC computer
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EDVACEDVAC
When : in 1952When : in 1952 Where : in the United StatesWhere : in the United States Who : a team of engineers on a secret military projectWho : a team of engineers on a secret military project Why : as a response to World War II military needs. Why : as a response to World War II military needs. (to (to
process complex calculation automatically)process complex calculation automatically)
How : How : 2000 multiplication in one second 2000 multiplication in one second addition or subtraction 100,000 times in the same addition or subtraction 100,000 times in the same
periodperiod Its memory : 1,024 numbers of 12 decimal places Its memory : 1,024 numbers of 12 decimal places
eacheach
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Plans for Plans for EDVACEDVAC
Described in a report Described in a report by the famous by the famous mathematician mathematician John John von Neumannvon Neumann..
““The most influential The most influential paper in the history of paper in the history of computer science”computer science”
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What is a computer?What is a computer?
Von Neumann’s reportVon Neumann’s report define the components of a computer and define the components of a computer and
describe their functionsdescribe their functions used the term “automatic computing used the term “automatic computing
system”system” Today, just “computer”, or “computer system.
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A computer is…A computer is…
Based on the concepts presented in von Based on the concepts presented in von Neumann’s paperNeumann’s paper
Computer : a device that Computer : a device that 1) accepts input, 1) accepts input,
2) processes data, 2) processes data,
3) stores data, 3) stores data,
4) and produces output.4) and produces output.
page 1-12,13page 1-12,13
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1) 1) A computer accepts A computer accepts inputinput
Computer input : whatever is put into a Computer input : whatever is put into a computer system.computer system.
ExamplesExamples words and symbols in a documentwords and symbols in a document numbers for a calculation, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures, audio signalspictures, temperatures, audio signals
Main input device : keyboardMain input device : keyboard
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2) 2) A computer processes A computer processes datadata
Data : Data : symbols that represent facts and ideas.symbols that represent facts and ideas. processing : processing : data manipulationdata manipulation of of computercomputer
Process : Process : a systematic series of actions that a a systematic series of actions that a computer uses to manipulate datacomputer uses to manipulate data
Some of the ways : Some of the ways : performing calculations, performing calculations, sorting lists of words or numbers, sorting lists of words or numbers, modifying documents and pictures modifying documents and pictures drawing graphs.drawing graphs.
A device : A device : central processing unit (CPU)central processing unit (CPU)
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3) 3) A computer stores dataA computer stores data
A computer stores data for processingA computer stores data for processing Places for storing data Places for storing data
Memory : an area of a computer that holds data that Memory : an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to be processedis waiting to be processed
Ex) RAM, ROM Storage : the area where data can be left on a Storage : the area where data can be left on a
permanent basis while it is not needed for permanent basis while it is not needed for processingprocessing
ex) diskette, CD-ROM,HDDex) diskette, CD-ROM,HDD
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4) 4) A computer produces A computer produces outputoutput
Computer output : Computer output : the results produced by a the results produced by a computercomputer
ex) reports, documents, music, graphs, and picturesex) reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures
Output device : Output device : the devicethe device that that displays, prints, displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing.or transmits the results of processing.
ex) monitor, printerex) monitor, printer
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ExampleExample
Fundamental computer function: 7+2=9Fundamental computer function: 7+2=9 Input : 7, +, 2Input : 7, +, 2 Memory : 7, +, 2Memory : 7, +, 2 Processing : Add 2 to 7Processing : Add 2 to 7 Memory : 9Memory : 9 Output : 9Output : 9 Storage : 9Storage : 9
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Fundamental Fundamental characteristicscharacteristics
SpeedSpeed Provide the processing speed essential to our fast-paced Provide the processing speed essential to our fast-paced
society for quick servicesociety for quick service
ReliabilityReliability Extremely reliable, compute correctlyExtremely reliable, compute correctly Most computer error : by human errorsMost computer error : by human errors
Storage CapabilityStorage Capability Store tremendous amounts data, which can be located and Store tremendous amounts data, which can be located and
retrieved efficientlyretrieved efficiently
By-products characteristics by above threeBy-products characteristics by above three Productivity, decision making, cost reductionProductivity, decision making, cost reduction
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Where computers are Where computers are usedused
EducationEducation GraphicsGraphics RetailingRetailing EnergyEnergy Law Law
enforcementenforcement TransportationTransportation MoneyMoney AgricultureAgriculture GovernmentGovernment
The homeThe home Health and Health and
medicinemedicine RoboticsRobotics The human The human
connectionconnection The sciencesThe sciences ConnectivityConnectivity TrainingTraining PaperworkPaperwork
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Main components of Main components of computercomputer
Hardware(=equipmenHardware(=equipment)t)
Software(=programs)Software(=programs)
People(=programmerPeople(=programmers and end-users)s and end-users)
Page 1-12Page 1-12har
dw
are software
people
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Classification of ComputerClassification of Computer
By data typeBy data type Digital computerDigital computer Analog computerAnalog computer Hybrid computerHybrid computer
A/D converter, D/A converter
By purposeBy purpose Special purpose computerSpecial purpose computer
Ex) for science, military General purpose computerGeneral purpose computer
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Analog vs. Digital Analog vs. Digital (By data type)(By data type)
There are two basic ways to store and manage There are two basic ways to store and manage datadata
AnalogAnalog continuous, in direct proportion to the data continuous, in direct proportion to the data
representedrepresented music on a record album - a needle rides on ridges in music on a record album - a needle rides on ridges in
the grooves that are directly proportional to the the grooves that are directly proportional to the voltage sent to the speakervoltage sent to the speaker
DigitalDigital the information is broken down into pieces, and each the information is broken down into pieces, and each
piece is represented separatelypiece is represented separately music on a compact disc - the disc stores numbers music on a compact disc - the disc stores numbers
representing specific voltage levels sampled at various representing specific voltage levels sampled at various pointspoints
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Analog Signals Analog Signals (By data type)(By data type)
Analog signal from recording the word "MATLAB"Analog signal from recording the word "MATLAB"
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Digital Signals Digital Signals (By data type)(By data type)
Digital signals are discrete time signals that Digital signals are discrete time signals that assume only discrete amplitudes assume only discrete amplitudes
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Digital Information Digital Information (By data type)(By data type)
Computers store all information digitallyComputers store all information digitally numbersnumbers texttext graphics and imagesgraphics and images audioaudio videovideo program instructionsprogram instructions
In some way, all information is In some way, all information is digitizeddigitized - - broken down into pieces and represented as broken down into pieces and represented as numbersnumbers
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Classification of ComputerClassification of Computer
By processing capabilities By processing capabilities MicrocomputersMicrocomputers MinicomputersMinicomputers Mainframe computersMainframe computers Supercomputers Supercomputers
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MicrocomputersMicrocomputers
Using the MicroprocessorUsing the Microprocessor Personal Computers (PC)Personal Computers (PC) In home and small businessesIn home and small businesses
Desktop computerDesktop computer Portable ComputerPortable Computer
Palmtop, Notebook(Laptop) PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
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Palmtop
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MinicomputerMinicomputer
More powerful than microcomputerMore powerful than microcomputer Stores data for all users in one Stores data for all users in one
centralized locationcentralized location Used in school or small company Used in school or small company Ex) VAX, MV 4000, MV 8000, SSM Ex) VAX, MV 4000, MV 8000, SSM
032032
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MainframesMainframes
Large, fast and fairly Large, fast and fairly expensive computersexpensive computers
Used by business or Used by business or governmentgovernment to provide to provide centralized storagecentralized storage
EX) IBM 4381, 9300, EX) IBM 4381, 9300, 3090, Cyber 1803090, Cyber 180
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SupercomputersSupercomputers
The fastest and most expensive The fastest and most expensive type of computertype of computer
Used for code breaking, weather Used for code breaking, weather prediction and molecular prediction and molecular modelingmodeling
The first : CRAY-1The first : CRAY-1 Intel’s ASCI Red, SGI’s ASCI Blue Intel’s ASCI Red, SGI’s ASCI Blue
Mountain, IBM’s ASCI Blue PacificMountain, IBM’s ASCI Blue Pacific
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