Dr.Khaled Kh. Sharaf

Faculty Of Computers

And Information

Technology

Second Term

2019- 2020

Computer Architecture

Chapter 1:

Introduction

Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture

Learning Objectives

• Present an overview of the Organization and Architecture

• Explain the general functions and structure of a digital computer.

Architecture & Organization 1

• Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer

• Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O

mechanisms, addressing techniques.

• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

• Organization is how features are implemented

• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.

• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated

addition?

Computer Architecture

Architecture & Organization 2

• All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture

• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture

• This gives code compatibility

• At least backwards

• Organization differs between different versions

Computer Architecture

Structure & Function

• Structure is the way in which components relate to each other

• Function is the operation of individual components as part of the

structure

Computer Architecture

Function

Both the structure and functioning of a computer are, in essence,

simple. The Figure in the next slide depicts the basic functions that a

computer can perform.

In general terms, there are only four computer functions:

• Data processing

• Data storage

• Data movement

• Control

Computer Architecture

Functional View

Computer Architecture

Of Course

- The computer, must be able to process data.

- The data may take a wide variety of forms,

and the range of processing requirements is

broad.

- However, we shall see that there are only a

few fundamental methods or types of data

processing.

Functional View

Computer Architecture

Of Course

- It is also essential that a computer store data,

even processing, data come in and get

processed, and the results go out immediately,

the computer must temporarily store at least

those pieces of data, this is a short-term data

storage function.

- Equally important, the computer performs a

long-term data storage function .

- Files of data are stored on the computer for

subsequent retrieval and update.

Functional View

Computer Architecture

Of Course

- The computer must be able to move data

between itself and the outside world.

- The computer’s operating environment

consists of devices that serve as either

sources or destinations of data.

- When data are received from or delivered to

a device that is directly connected to the

computer, the process is known as input–

- output (I/O), and the device is referred to as

a peripheral.

- When data are moved over longer

distances, to or from a remote device, the

process is known as data communications.

Functional View

Computer Architecture

- Finally, there must be control of these three

functions. Ultimately, this control is

exercised by the individual(s) who provides

the computer with instructions.

- Within the computer, a control unit manages

the computer’s resources and orchestrates

the performance of its functional parts in

response to those instructions.

Operations (a) Data movement

Computer Architecture

The computer can function as a data

movement device, simply transferring

data from one peripheral or

communication line to another

Operations (b) Storage

Computer Architecture

It can also function as a data storage

device, with data transferred from

the external environment to computer

storage (read) and vice versa (write).

Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

Computer Architecture

The diagram show operations

involving data processing, on data

either in storage

Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O

Computer Architecture

The diagram show operations

involving data processing, on data

en route between storage and the

external environment.

Structural components

Computer Architecture

There are four main structural components:

• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls

the operation of the computer and

performs its data processing functions;

often simply referred to as processor.

• Main memory: Stores data.

• I/O: Moves data between the computer

and its external environment.

• System interconnection: Some

mechanism that provides for

communication

among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A

common example of system

interconnection

is by means of a system bus, consisting of

a number of conducting wires to which all

the other components attach.

The computer

Structural components

Computer Architecture

Each of these components will be

examined in some detail in next chapter.

for our purposes, the most interesting and

in some ways the most complex

component is the CPU. Its major

structural components are as follows:

• Control unit: Controls the operation of

the CPU and hence the computer.

• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):

Performs the computer’s data processing

functions.

• Registers: Provides storage internal to

the CPU.

• CPU interconnection: Some

mechanism that provides for

communication among the control unit,

ALU, and registers.

The computer

Structure - Top Level

Computer

Main

Memory

Input

Output

Systems

Interconnection

Peripherals

Communication

lines

Central

Processing

Unit

Computer

Computer Architecture

Structure - The CPU

Computer Arithmetic

and

Login Unit

Control

Unit

Internal CPU

Interconnection

Registers

CPU

I/O

Memory

System

Bus

CPU

Computer Architecture

Structure - The Control Unit

CPU

Control

Memory

Control Unit

Registers and

Decoders

Sequencing

Login

Control

Unit

ALU

Registers

Internal

Bus

Control Unit

Computer Architecture

• Overview

• Computer Evolution and Performance

• Computer Function and Interconnection

• Memory System

• Input / Output Organization

• Machine Instructions and Programs

• Arithmetic and Logic

• Processing Unit

• Control Unit

• Pipelining

Course outline

Computer Architecture

Semester Teaching plan

Week Topics No

1 Overview, Computer Evolution and

Performance

1.

2 Computer Function and Interconnection

2.

3,4 Memory System

3.

5 Input / Output Organization

4.

6,8 Machine Instructions and Programs 5.

7 Midterm Exam

6.

9,10 Arithmetic and Logic

7.

11,12 Processing Unit

13 Control Unit

14 Pipelining

15 Review 8.

16 Final Exam 9.

Computer Architecture

Marks Task No

10 Quizzes, Home works 1

20 Midterm Exam 2

10 Lab 4

60 Final Exam 5

Evaluation tasks

Computer Organization and Architecture

Designing for Performance Tenth Edition or Ninth Edition , William Stallings

Course Web Page

https://sites.alaqsa.edu.ps/ekhsharaf/contact/

Course Text book

Computer Architecture

Finally

I wish you good luck

Computer Architecture