Computer Systems and Graphics
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Transcript of Computer Systems and Graphics
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved
Computer SystemsComputer Systems andand
GraphicsGraphics
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What is the goal of computer graphics?
• High level, why computer graphics?
• Lower level, what is the computer doing?
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Generating Images
• Images are made up of pixels
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RGB
RGB Color cube (what we use in computer graphics)
Other color spaces include HSV, YUV, YCrCb, and YIQ
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The “goal” of computer graphics
• Solve the function– Red @ a pixel is f(i,j)=…– Green @ a pixel is f(i,j)=…– Blue @ a pixel is f(i,j)=…
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Early Applications of Computer Graphics
• Data Visualization– Charts and Graphs
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Early Applications of Computer Graphics
• Computer Aided Design (CAD)– Q: Why wireframe?
• Why these apps?– A: Better conceptualization,
interaction, transfer of ideas
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Computer Graphics Applications
• Virtual Reality– VR: User interacts and
views with a 3D world using “more natural” means
– Best VR?
• Data Visualization– Scientific, Engineering,
Medical data– Visualizing millions to
billions of data points– See trends– Different schemes
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Computer Graphics Applications
• Education and Training– Models of physical,
financial, social systems– Comprehension of
complex systems
• Computer Art– Fine and commercial art– Performance Art– Aesthetic Computing– SIGGRAPH
• Games/Movies
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Computer Graphics Applications
• Image Processing– ~Inverse of Graphics– Start with a picture– Process picture
information
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)– WIMP interface– HCI
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Overview of Graphics Systems
• Images
• Hardware– Input Systems – Output Systems
• Software– OpenGL
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Two Dimensional Images
• Images (at least the ones in this class) are two dimensional shapes.
• The two axes we will label as X (horizontal), and Y (vertical). X Axis
Y
Axis
(0,0) +X
+Y
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Hardware Pipeline
Input OutputComputation
We want to draw a rectangle, how do we describe it to a computer?
Model (n) - object description that a computer understands.
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Partition the space
(7,3)
(7,9)
(14,3)
(14,9)
Vertex (pl. Vertices) - a point in 2 or 3 dimensional space.
1. Define a set of points (vertices) in 2D space.
2. Given a set of vertices, draw lines between consecutive vertices.
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Record every position
Bitmap - a rectangular array of bits mapped one-to-one with pixels.
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How do we do this?
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Input Devices
• Locator Devices
• Keyboard
• Scanner– Images– Laser
• Cameras (research)
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Locator Devices
When queried, locator devices return a position and/or orientation.
•Mouse (2D and 3D)•Trackball•Joystick (2D and 3D)
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Locator Devices
When queried, locator devices return a position and/or orientation.
• Tablet• Virtual Reality
Trackers– Data Gloves– Digitizers
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Keyboard
• Text input– List boxes, GUI– CAD/CAM– Modeling
• Hard coded– Vertex locations are inserted into code
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Scanners• Image Scanners - Flatbed,
etc.– What type of data is
returned? Bitmap
• Laser Scanners - Deltasphere– Emits a laser and does time
of flight. Returns 3D point
• Camera based - research– Examine camera image(s)
and try to figure out vertices from them.
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Many others
• Light Pens• Voice Systems• Touch Panels• Camera/Vision
Based• Which is best?
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Common Modeling Approach
• Hybrid• Animator jobs
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Computation Stage
• Now that we have a model of what we want to draw, what goes on inside the computer to generate the output?
Input OutputComputation
Computation
Transformations Rasterization
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Computation Stage
Computation
Transformations Rasterization
Model
Transformed
Model
Output
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Displays in Virtual Reality
• Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs)– The display and a position
tracker are attached to the user’s head
• Head-Tracked Displays (HTDs)– Display is stationary, tracker
tracks the user’s head relative to the display.
– Example: CAVE, Workbench, Stereo monitor
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3D Glasses
3D Display
3D Object
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Graphics Software
• Special purpose software
– AutoCAD– Medical Visualization– Paint– Photoshop
– How about 3D modeling ?
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3D Computer Animation
Scientist and engineers used 3-D computer animation to produce graphic representations of the data.
Entertainment industry used computer animation and computer animation become popular.
In 1993, Hollywood released Jurassic Park which captured the public's imagination
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What is 3-D Computer Animation?
• Computer animation consists of a series of individual images.
• These images are stored one at a time in the computer. They are viewed at the normal playback speed of 30 frames per second. The result is a moving picture, or animation.
• 3-D animation allows the viewer to move around the scene and change perspective over time. An animator is required to ensure that the animation
looks natural and believable.
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Benefits Provided by 3-D Computer Animation
A computer animation can graphically simplify complex concepts which are difficult to visualize.
3-D computer animation captures attention.
It can communicate more information, at a faster rate, than an oral description can.
Best of all, information presented as moving images is retained by the viewer for a longer time and with greater accuracy
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Benefits Provided by 3-D Computer Animation
A computer animation can re-create an event which is too expensive or too dangerous to reproduce, such as an aircraft accident.
It can re-create a scene which has been altered or which no longer exists, such as a building which has been demolished.
When used as an illustrative tool, computer animation can help the presenter maintain focus. It creates interesting presentation.
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3D Computer Animation Software
Maya the industry standard high-end 3D computer program.
Most of the popular computer games are made with Maya software.
• 3D Studio Max• 3DS MAX
– The world's most popular animation modeling, and rendering solution for film, television, games and design visualization
• Softimage, • Lightwave • Animator Studio
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3-D Computer Animation is growing!
• 3-D Computer Animation is the world’s fastest growing creative technology.
• 3-D dominates in the animated feature, game, special effect, interactive, and commercial industry
• Computer 3-D animation is taking over the film world– Computer Animated are breaking box office
records– Computers are used for many of the special
effects in live-action films, and digitized actors.• The field of 3-D animated video, computer,
and interactive games has grown amazingly
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Principles of animation
• Animation is not easy. Each second of computer animated video has 30 separate images. The number of images that need to be generated to create even a very short film
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Principles of animation
• Modeling: Building objects and creatures from primitive shapes, polygonal modeling, and/or sculpting with curves and points.
• Motion: Animating the objects and creatures you model using key frames, path and shape animation, simulation, deformation.
• Character Construction: Creating skeletons, attaching skins to skeletons.
• Color and Texture: Creating, importing, and applying multiple textures to objects/creatures; defining color, reflectivity, and transparency.
• Rendering: Lights, camera, compiling movies, adding sound.
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Jobs: Motion Picture Production & Distribution
• Employment is projected to grow rapidly.
• Employment is centered in several major cities, particularly New York and Los Angeles
• Many workers have formal training, but experience, professionalism, talent, and creativity are the most important factors for getting many jobs in this industry
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CAREERS in Computer Animation
• 3D Computer Modeler
• Animator
• Art Director
• Graphic Artist
• Interface Designer
• Multi Media Design Engineer
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Some Example of Companies & Computer Animated Films
• PixarThe computer animation at Pixar have been around since 1984– Toy Story, – A Bug's Life– Monsters, Inc– Finding Nemo
• Disney PicturesDisney teamed up with Pixar to create films
• Dreamworks Pixar's main competitor – Shrek
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Famous Computer Animated movies
• HARRY POTTER • THE LORD OF THE RINGS• THE MATRIX • MEN IN BLACK• MINORITY REPORT • SCOOBY-DOO • SOLARIS• SPIDER-MAN • STAR WARS
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Resource
• Turgut Tezir , 3D Computer Animation• www.cise.ufl.edu/CAP4730: Computational Structures in
Computer Graphics