Computer System Categories
description
Transcript of Computer System Categories
1
Computer System Categories
MainframeComputers
MidrangeComputers
Microcomputers
2
Trends in Computer System Capabilities
FirstGeneration
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
FifthGeneration
VacuumTubes
VacuumTubes Solid-StateSolid-State Integrated
CircuitsIntegrated
Circuits
LSI, VLSIMicro-
processors
LSI, VLSIMicro-
processors
GreaterPower,Smaller
Footprint
GreaterPower,Smaller
Footprint
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain
3
Microcomputer Systems
Handheld Computers PDA,
Notebook Computers Desktop Computers Workstations
Network Server Powerful
microcomputer used in small LANs
4
Network Computers and Terminals Network Computer
(Thin Client)
NetPC
Network Terminal
Benefits Lower purchase cost Easier maintenance Easier software
distribution and licensing
Computer platform standardization
Reduced end user support requirements
Improved manageability
5
Computer System Components
Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit
OutputDevices
CacheMemory
Primary Storage
SecondaryStorageDevices
ControlUnit ALU
SpecialPurposeProcessors
Output Devices
InputDevices
6
Input Technology Trends
FirstGeneration
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
FifthGeneration
Punched CardsPaper Tape
Punched CardsPaper Tape
Punched CardsPunched Cards
Key to Tape/DiskKey to Tape/Disk
Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning
Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning
Voice RecognitionTouch DevicesHandwriting Recognition
Voice RecognitionTouch DevicesHandwriting Recognition
Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Naturaland Easy to Use
7
Common Input Devices Keyboard Pointing Devices Pen Based
Computing Speech Recognition Optical Scanning Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition
Smart Cards Digital Cameras
8
Output Technology Trends
FirstGeneration
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
FifthGeneration
Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents
Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents
Punched CardsPrinted Reports and Documents
Punched CardsPrinted Reports and Documents
Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays
Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays
Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents
Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents
Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinked MultimediaDocuments
Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinked MultimediaDocuments
Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,Quickly, and Clearly
9
Common Output Devices
Video Output CRT LCD
Printed Output Inkjet Laser
10
Storage Trends
FirstGeneration
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
FifthGeneration
Magnetic Drum
Magnetic Drum
MagneticCore
MagneticCore
MagneticCore
MagneticCore
LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits
Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media
Magnetic TapeMagnetic DrumMagnetic TapeMagnetic Drum
Magnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic Disk
Magnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic Tape
Magnetic DiskOptical Disk
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic DiskOptical Disk
Magnetic Tape
Optical DiskMagnetic DiskOptical Disk
Magnetic Disk
PrimaryStoragePrimaryStorage
SecondaryStorage
SecondaryStorage
11
Components of an Information System
12
Categories of Computer Software
General-Purpose
Programs
General-Purpose
Programs
Application-Specific
Programs
Application-Specific
Programs
SystemManagement
Programs
SystemManagement
Programs
System Development
Programs
System Development
Programs
ApplicationSoftware
ApplicationSoftware
ComputerSoftware
ComputerSoftware
System Software
System Software
13
Trends in Computer SoftwareFirst
GenerationFirst
GenerationSecond
GenerationSecond
GenerationThird
GenerationThird
GenerationFourth
GenerationFourth
GenerationFifth
GenerationFifth
Generation
User-Written ProgramsMachine Languages
Packaged ProgramsSymbolic Languages
Operating SystemsHigh-Level Languages
DBMS Fourth-Generation LanguagesMicrocomputer Packages
Natural & Object-Oriented
LanguagesMultipurpose
Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted
Packages
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled ApplicationPackages for Productivity and Collaboration
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages andTools
14
Common General- Purpose Applications
Electronic Mail Word Processing Presentation Graphics Multimedia Personal Information Manager Groupware
15
Database Management Packages
DatabaseDevelopment
DatabaseMaintenance
DatabaseInterrogation
ApplicationDevelopment
Primary Tasks ofDatabase Management
Packages
Primary Tasks ofDatabase Management
Packages
16
KeyTechnologies
ofMultimedia
Video CaptureCard
Video CaptureCard
AuthoringLanguage
AuthoringLanguage
StoryboardStoryboard Compact DiskInteractive
Compact DiskInteractive
Sound BoardSound Board CompressedAudio
CompressedAudio
Digital VideoInteractive
Digital VideoInteractive
MIDIMIDI Computer Edit System
Computer Edit System
InteractiveVideo
InteractiveVideo Digital AudioDigital Audio
Multimedia Technologies
17
Business Enterprise Application Software
CustomerRelationshipManagement
HumanResource
Management
Accounting andFinancial
Management
Supply Chain
Management
EnterpriseResourcePlanning
BusinessDecisionSupport
18
Functions of an Operating System
ResourceManagement
ResourceManagement
TaskManagement
TaskManagement
UserInterface
UserInterface
FileManagement
FileManagement
Utilitiesand OtherFunctions
Utilitiesand OtherFunctions
19
Programming Language Translation
LanguageTranslation
Process
LanguageTranslation
Process
SourceProgram
MachineLanguage
ObjectProgram
Written inBASIC,COBOL,
etc.
LanguageTranslatorProgram
• Compiler• Interpreter• AssemblerIF A := B
THEN 100110111101010010110
20
McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates
Using Data Bases to Predict Market Behavior: Logical Information Machines ( 10:18 )
21
Logical Data Elements
EmployeeRecord 2
EmployeeRecord 1
EmployeeRecord 3
EmployeeRecord 4
Name SS SalaryName SS SalaryName SS SalaryName SS Salary
Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data
PersonnelDatabase
PayrollFile
BenefitsFile
22
OperatingSystem
DatabaseManagement
System
ApplicationPrograms
OperatingSystem
DatabaseManagement
System
ApplicationPrograms
Databases
DataDictionary
DatabaseManagement
•Database Development•Database Interrogation•Database Maintenance•Application Development
Database Management Systems
23
Network Server
Network Server
ExternalDatabases onthe Internet &
Online Services
Client PC or
NCOperational
Databases ofthe Organization
DataMart
End UserDatabases
DataWarehouse
DistributedDatabases on
Intranets & Other
Networks
Major Types of Databases
24
Data Warehouse and Data Mining
Client PC or
NCAnalyticalData StoreEnterpriseWarehouseData Mart
Data AcquisitionSubsystem
WarehouseDesignSubsystem
DataManagementSubsystem
Data Accessand DeliverySubsystem
Data Accessand DeliverySubsystem
Web Information
System
Web Information
System
OperationalDatabases
MetadataDirectory
MetadataRepository
MetadataManagementSubsystem
25
Web-Based Systems
WebBrowser
Web ServerSoftware
Web ServerSoftware
NetworkServerThe Internet
IntranetsExtranets
Client PCsor NCs
HTML pagesGIF image filesVideo files
Web Objects
26
Data Resource Management
DataAdministratio
n
DataPlanning
DatabaseAdministration
27
Database Structures
Employee2
Employee2
AEmpno Ename Etitle Dept
12 B3 C
Relational Structure
Network StructureHierarchical Structure
Employee3
Project BProject A
Dept Dname Dloc DmgrABC
Employee2
Employee1
Project A
Employee1
Dept A Dept BDept
Project B
28
Database Structures (cont)
East
WestDenver
FebActual Budget
Margin
Sales TV
VCR
TV
VCR
MultidimensionalDatabase Structure
Attributes•Customer•BalanceOperations•Deposit•Withdraw
Bank Account Object
Attributes•Credit Line•Mthly StatementOperations•Calculate Interest•Print Mthly Statement
Checking AccountObject Attributes
•Credit Line•Mthly StatementOperations•Calculate Interest•Print Mthly Statement
Savings AccountObject
Object-OrientedDatabase Structure
29
Key Fields
SequentialAccess
SequentialOrganization
Indexed SequentialAccess Method
KeyTransformation
Direct Access
URLs
Accessing Files and Databases
30
Database Development
User NeedsDescriptionUser NeedsDescription
1. Data Planning1. Data Planning
Enterprise ModelEnterprise Model
2. RequirementsSpecifications
2. RequirementsSpecifications
3. Conceptual Design3. Conceptual Design
4. Logical Design4. Logical Design
Physical ModelsPhysical Models
5. Physical Design5. Physical Design
Data ModelsData Models
Logical ModelsLogical Models
31
McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates
Emerging technologies: AT&T and the future in telecommunications ( 13:04 )
32
Trends in Telecommunications
More electronic commerce, enterprise collaboration,online business operations and strategic advantage in markets
More vendors, carriers, alliances, and network services, accelerated by deregulation & Internet growth
Extensive Internet, interconnected local & global digital networks, improved transmission channels
Industry Trends
Technology Trends
Application Trends
33
Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities
Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations.Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations.
Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locationsimmediately after it is requested.Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locationsimmediately after it is requested.
Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications.Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications.
Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage.Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage.
34
Business Value from e-Commerce Applications
Increase Customer Loyalty & RetentionIncrease Customer Loyalty & Retention
Reduce the Cost of Doing BusinessReduce the Cost of Doing Business
Generate New Revenue SourcesGenerate New Revenue Sources
Attract New CustomersAttract New Customers
Deriving BusinessValue from e-CommerceApplications
Deriving BusinessValue from e-CommerceApplications
Develop New Markets & ChannelsDevelop New Markets & Channels
Develop New Web-based ProductsDevelop New Web-based Products
35
Basic Components in a Telecommunications Network
TelecommunicationsSoftware
TelecommunicationsSoftware
1
2 3
4
52
PCs, NCs, and Other Terminals
ComputersTelecommunicationsChannels and Media
TelecommunicationsProcessors
36
Wide Area Networks
37
Local Area Networks
NetworkServer
NetworkServer
Shared Database and
Software Packages
SharedPrinter
PCPC
PC PC PC
Internetwork Processor to Other Networks
38
Client Server Networking
ClientSystems
ServersServers
Host Systems/Superservers
Host Systems/Superservers
39
Telecommunications Communication Media Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optics Terrestrial Microwave
Communication Satellites Cellular Technologies
Wireless LAN
40
Telecommunications Processors and Software
Modems Multiplexers Internetwork
Processors Switches Routers Hubs Gateways
Fire walls
Network Operating System
Telecommunications Monitor
Middleware Network Management
Software
41
Network Topologies
42
The Internet’s TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
Application orProcess Layer
Internet Protocol (IP)
Host-to-Host Transport Layer
Network Interface
Physical Layer
ApplicationLayer
PresentationLayer
SessionLayer
TransportLayer
NetworkLayer
Data LinkLayer
PhysicalLayer
OS
I M
od
el
43
Protocol
A set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a communications network