Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing - … · Computer-supported Cooperative...
Transcript of Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing - … · Computer-supported Cooperative...
Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social ComputingCSE510 Guest Lecture
Benjamin Mako [email protected]
University of WashingtonDepartment of Communication
Assistant Professor
Harvard UniversityBerkman Center for Internet and Society
Faculty Affiliate
February 23, 2016
I. Mapping Computer-supportedCooperative Work
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Individual
Small Group
Project
Organization
PC Applications
Networked PCs
Minis, networks,GDSS
Mainframe systems
MIT/IS CSCW HCI
Grudin (1994a, b) showing “development and research contexts” in the academicstudy of computer use in computer science. On the left side are the sub-fields orresearch streams in computer science. On the top are the types of user beingserved. On the bottom are the types of products being produced.
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[Johansen (1988); Baecker (1995); image from Wikimedia Commons]4 / 36
Typologies of TasksQuadrant IGenerate
Quadrant IIChoose
Quadrant IIINegotiate
Quadrant IVExecute
Generating Ideas Generating Plans
ExecutingPerformance
Tasks
ResolvingConflictsof Power
Resolving Conflictsof Interest
Resolving Conflictsof Viewpoint
Deciding Issuesw/ No Right Answer
Solving Problemsw/ Correct Answers
Type 2:Creativity tasks Ty
pe
1: Pl
annin
g t
asks
Type 3: Interactive tasks
Type 4: Decisio
n-making ta
sks
Take
5: C
ogni
tive
con
flict
tas
ks Type 6: Mixed-m
otive tasks
Type 7: Contests/battles
Type 8: Performances
Conceptual Behavioral
Conflic
tC
oopera
tion
[McGrath 1984]5 / 36
II. Classic Approaches to CSCW
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Syllabus from MIT 16.499 (Circa 2005)
… Group Interaction Theory: Theories in Verbal Communication & Non-VerbalCommunication
… Group Interaction Theory: Distributed Cognition… Group Interaction Theory: Activity Theory… Methodologies for Studying Groups & CSCW Technologies: Intro and Quantitative
Approaches… Methodologies for Studying Groups & CSCW Technologies: Qualitative Approaches… Techniques for Modeling Group Interactions… Awareness in Collaboration: Intro & Workspace Awareness… Awareness in Collaboration: Team Situation Awareness… Design Considerations for CSCW Technologies Computer Support for Co-located
Collaboration Computer Support for Distributed Collaboration
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Distributed Cognition
[Hutchins (1990): Technology of Team Navigation]8 / 36
Activity Theory
[e.g., Nardi 1995: Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction]9 / 36
Awareness (Synchronous)
[Dourish and Bellotti (1992)]10 / 36
Awareness (Asynchronous)
[Hill et al. CHI’92: “EditWear and Readwear”]11 / 36
Coordination
A schematic illustration of the roles and information flows in software testing in the S4000 project.The flows in the diagram indicate the intended flow according to the bug handling protocol.
[Schmidt and Simone (1996); Malone and Crowston (CSCW’92)]12 / 36
Organization and Social Structure
[Orikowski 1992: “Learning from Notes”]13 / 36
II. Social Computingand Peer Production
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Peer Production
New modes of collective productionmade possible by lowered transactioncosts through new communicationtechnologies. (Benkler 2003, 2006)
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Peer Production?
Individual
Small Group
Project
Organization
PC Applications
Networked PCs
Minis, networks,GDSS
Mainframe systems
MIT/IS CSCW HCI
It’s not particularly obvious where peer production would fit. It’s certainly notobvious that it fit within traditional CSCW spaces.
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Peer Production in CSCW
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5.3
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5P
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cted
Cha
nge
in Q
ualit
y
0 2 4 6 8Number of editors (log2)
High editor concentration Low editor concentration
By number of editors and editor concentrationPredicted change in quality
Figure 4. Joint influence of number and concentration of editors on changes in quality.
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5.4
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Pre
dict
ed C
hang
e in
Qua
lity
0 2 4 6 8Number of editors (log2)
High editor communication Low editor communication
By number of editors and amount of communicationPredicted change in quality
Figure 7. Joint influence of number of editors and communication on changes in quality.
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.2.4
.6P
redi
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Cha
nge
in Q
ualit
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1 2 3 4 5 6Initial quality
High editor concentration Low editor concentration
By inital qualityPredicted change in quality
Figure 6. Joint influence of initial quality and concentration of editors on changes in quality.
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5.4
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redi
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Cha
nge
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ualit
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0 20 40 60 80Months since start of article
High editor concentration Low editor concentration
By months since start of articlePredicted change in quality
Figure 5. Joint influence of article age and concentration of editors on changes in quality.
[Kittur and Kraut CSCW’2008]17 / 36
[Viégas et al. CHI’2004: HistoryFlow]18 / 36
IV. My Peer ProductionResearch
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Almost Wikipedia
CitationHill, Benjamin Mako. (2013) “Almost Wikipedia: Eight Early EncyclopediaProjects and the Mechanisms of Collective Action.” In Essays on Volunteer Mo-
bilization in Peer Production. Doctoral Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology.
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Why Wikipedia? Instead of...
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Synthesis
Innovativeness of Goal/ProductFamiliar Novel
Inno
vativ
enes
s of
Pro
cess
/Too
lsN
ovel
Fam
iliar
Traditional products using traditional methods and tools.
"Like Encylopedia Britannica — just online and free."
New products using traditional methods and tools.
"A new type of encyclopedia, but produced like the old ones."
Traditional products using new methods and tools.
"Like Encyclopedia Britannica, but produced in a radically new way."
New products using novel methods and tools.
"A new type of encyclopedia produced in a radically new way."
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The Remixing Dilemma
CitationHill, Benjamin Mako, Andrés Monroy-Hernández. “The Remixing Dilemma: TheTrade-off between generativity and originality.” Published in American Behavioral
Scientist, 2013.23 / 36
Remixing
The reworking and recombination of existing creative artifacts.Most commonly in reference to music, video, and interactive media.
… Widespread, and an important new communication modality (e.g.,
Manovich 2005; Lessig 2009)
… Especially among use youth (Jenkins 2006; Palfrey and Gasser 2008)
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Research Questions
… What qualities of Scratch projects and theircreators are associated with more generativeprojects?
… What qualities are associated with more originalremixing? (e.g., Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
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(Resnick et al. 2009)
Results (RQ1)Testing Theories of Generativity
Ceteris paribus (including exposure)...
1A) After a threshold is reached, simpler projects aremore generative, because they are more likely to beincomplete and to invite elaboration.
… “Release early, release often” (Raymond 1999)
… Principle of procrastination (Zittrain 2008)
1B) Remixing relies on common reference points makingthe work of more prominent creators more generative.
… (Sinnreich 2010; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
1C) Remixing involves elaboration and iteration makingworks that are remixes themselves more generative thande novo projects.
… (Murray and O’Mahoney 2007; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
Complexity
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1A
Results (RQ1)Testing Theories of Generativity
Ceteris paribus (including exposure)...
1A) After a threshold is reached, simpler projects aremore generative, because they are more likely to beincomplete and to invite elaboration.
… “Release early, release often” (Raymond 1999)
… Principle of procrastination (Zittrain 2008)
1B) Remixing relies on common reference points makingthe work of more prominent creators more generative.
… (Sinnreich 2010; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
1C) Remixing involves elaboration and iteration makingworks that are remixes themselves more generative thande novo projects.
… (Murray and O’Mahoney 2007; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
Complexity
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1A
?
Results (RQ1)Testing Theories of Generativity
Ceteris paribus (including exposure)...
1A) After a threshold is reached, simpler projects aremore generative, because they are more likely to beincomplete and to invite elaboration.
… “Release early, release often” (Raymond 1999)
… Principle of procrastination (Zittrain 2008)
1B) Remixing relies on common reference points makingthe work of more prominent creators more generative.
… (Sinnreich 2010; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
1C) Remixing involves elaboration and iteration makingworks that are remixes themselves more generative thande novo projects.
… (Murray and O’Mahoney 2007; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
Complexity
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1A
?
Creator Prominence
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1B
Results (RQ1)Testing Theories of Generativity
Ceteris paribus (including exposure)...
1A) After a threshold is reached, simpler projects aremore generative, because they are more likely to beincomplete and to invite elaboration.
… “Release early, release often” (Raymond 1999)
… Principle of procrastination (Zittrain 2008)
1B) Remixing relies on common reference points makingthe work of more prominent creators more generative.
… (Sinnreich 2010; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
1C) Remixing involves elaboration and iteration makingworks that are remixes themselves more generative thande novo projects.
… (Murray and O’Mahoney 2007; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
Complexity
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1A
?
Creator Prominence
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1B
Results (RQ1)Testing Theories of Generativity
Ceteris paribus (including exposure)...
1A) After a threshold is reached, simpler projects aremore generative, because they are more likely to beincomplete and to invite elaboration.
… “Release early, release often” (Raymond 1999)
… Principle of procrastination (Zittrain 2008)
1B) Remixing relies on common reference points makingthe work of more prominent creators more generative.
… (Sinnreich 2010; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
1C) Remixing involves elaboration and iteration makingworks that are remixes themselves more generative thande novo projects.
… (Murray and O’Mahoney 2007; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
Complexity
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1A
?
Creator Prominence
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1B
Cumulativeness
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1C
Results (RQ1)Testing Theories of Generativity
Ceteris paribus (including exposure)...
1A) After a threshold is reached, simpler projects aremore generative, because they are more likely to beincomplete and to invite elaboration.
… “Release early, release often” (Raymond 1999)
… Principle of procrastination (Zittrain 2008)
1B) Remixing relies on common reference points makingthe work of more prominent creators more generative.
… (Sinnreich 2010; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
1C) Remixing involves elaboration and iteration makingworks that are remixes themselves more generative thande novo projects.
… (Murray and O’Mahoney 2007; Cheliotis and Yew, 2009)
Complexity
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1A
?
Creator Prominence
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1B
Cumulativeness
Gen
erat
ivity
Hypothesis 1C
Results (RQ2)Testing Theories of Originality
But we also care about the originality of resultingremixes. (Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
2A-C) The Remixing Dilemma:
Attracting more remixers will result in less
skilled, and/or less motivated, remixers who
will, ceteris paribus, remix projects less
originally.
… 2A: Zittrain 2008… 2B: Sinnreich 2010… 2C: Cheliotis and Yew, 2009
Results (RQ2)Testing Theories of Originality
But we also care about the originality of resultingremixes. (Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
2A-C) The Remixing Dilemma:
Attracting more remixers will result in less
skilled, and/or less motivated, remixers who
will, ceteris paribus, remix projects less
originally.
… 2A: Zittrain 2008
… 2B: Sinnreich 2010… 2C: Cheliotis and Yew, 2009
Complexity
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2A
Results (RQ2)Testing Theories of Originality
But we also care about the originality of resultingremixes. (Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
2A-C) The Remixing Dilemma:
Attracting more remixers will result in less
skilled, and/or less motivated, remixers who
will, ceteris paribus, remix projects less
originally.
… 2A: Zittrain 2008
… 2B: Sinnreich 2010… 2C: Cheliotis and Yew, 2009
Complexity
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2A
?
Results (RQ2)Testing Theories of Originality
But we also care about the originality of resultingremixes. (Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
2A-C) The Remixing Dilemma:
Attracting more remixers will result in less
skilled, and/or less motivated, remixers who
will, ceteris paribus, remix projects less
originally.
… 2A: Zittrain 2008… 2B: Sinnreich 2010
… 2C: Cheliotis and Yew, 2009
Complexity
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2A
?
Creator Prominance
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2B
Results (RQ2)Testing Theories of Originality
But we also care about the originality of resultingremixes. (Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
2A-C) The Remixing Dilemma:
Attracting more remixers will result in less
skilled, and/or less motivated, remixers who
will, ceteris paribus, remix projects less
originally.
… 2A: Zittrain 2008… 2B: Sinnreich 2010
… 2C: Cheliotis and Yew, 2009
Complexity
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2A
?
Creator Prominance
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2B
Results (RQ2)Testing Theories of Originality
But we also care about the originality of resultingremixes. (Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
2A-C) The Remixing Dilemma:
Attracting more remixers will result in less
skilled, and/or less motivated, remixers who
will, ceteris paribus, remix projects less
originally.
… 2A: Zittrain 2008… 2B: Sinnreich 2010… 2C: Cheliotis and Yew, 2009
Complexity
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2A
?
Creator Prominance
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2B
Cumulativeness
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2C
Results (RQ2)Testing Theories of Originality
But we also care about the originality of resultingremixes. (Keen 2007; Lanier 2010)
2A-C) The Remixing Dilemma:
Attracting more remixers will result in less
skilled, and/or less motivated, remixers who
will, ceteris paribus, remix projects less
originally.
… 2A: Zittrain 2008… 2B: Sinnreich 2010… 2C: Cheliotis and Yew, 2009
Complexity
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2A
?
Creator Prominance
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2B
Cumulativeness
Orig
inal
ity
Hypothesis 2C
Takeaways
Projects are more likely to be remixed when they are:
… Moderately complicated… Created by prominent creators… Cumulative
But, there is a tradeoff in that each of these factors isalso associated with less original forms of remixingbehavior.
Promoting complexity seems like the best option.
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Takeaways
Projects are more likely to be remixed when they are:
… Moderately complicated… Created by prominent creators… Cumulative
But, there is a tradeoff in that each of these factors isalso associated with less original forms of remixingbehavior.
Promoting complexity seems like the best option.
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Laboratories of Oligrachy
CitationShaw, Aaron, Benjamin Mako Hill. “Laboratories of Oligarchy? How The IronLaw Extends to Peer Production.” Journal of Communication 64, no. 2 (April2014): 215–38.
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Peer Production as Participatory Democracy?
Peer production projects have been citedfunction as a novel form of participatoryorganization...
… ... with a broad democratizing potentialinspiring waves of social movement activistsand theorists. (e.g., Benkler, 2006; Castells, 1996;
Fuster Morell, 2012; Hess and Ostrom, 2011; Wilson
and Tufekci, 2012)
… ... and a model of leaderless organizatione.g., (Shirkey 2008; Konieczny, 2009)
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Robert Michels’ “Iron Law”
“He who says organization saysoligarchy.”
As organizations increase in size andcomplexity, they have a tendency to developoligarchy leadership that pursuesconservative goals consistent withorganizational maintenance.
… Consolidation of power among elites… Transformation of goals as elite interests
diverge from members
(Michels 1915; Lipset et al.
1956 Leach, 2005; Voss and
Sherman, 2000)
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Robert Michels’ “Iron Law”
“He who says organization saysoligarchy.”
As organizations increase in size andcomplexity, they have a tendency to developoligarchy leadership that pursuesconservative goals consistent withorganizational maintenance.
… Consolidation of power among elites
… Transformation of goals as elite interestsdiverge from members
(Michels 1915; Lipset et al.
1956 Leach, 2005; Voss and
Sherman, 2000)
34 / 36
Robert Michels’ “Iron Law”
“He who says organization saysoligarchy.”
As organizations increase in size andcomplexity, they have a tendency to developoligarchy leadership that pursuesconservative goals consistent withorganizational maintenance.
… Consolidation of power among elites… Transformation of goals as elite interests
diverge from members
(Michels 1915; Lipset et al.
1956 Leach, 2005; Voss and
Sherman, 2000)
34 / 36
Robert Michels’ “Iron Law”
“He who says organization saysoligarchy.”
As organizations increase in size andcomplexity, they have a tendency to developoligarchy leadership that pursuesconservative goals consistent withorganizational maintenance.
… Consolidation of power among elites… Transformation of goals as elite interests
diverge from members
(Michels 1915; Lipset et al.
1956 Leach, 2005; Voss and
Sherman, 2000)
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0.004
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M1: P(N
ew Adm
in)M
2: Project Edits by Admin
M3: Adm
in Reverts
0 200 400 600 800
Total Registered UsersPrototypical Plots