Computer Organisation, Generations & Current Trend
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Transcript of Computer Organisation, Generations & Current Trend
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Computer Organisation,Generations & Current Trend
Prof. Sujata RaoSession 3
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19 July 2006 2CPU , Gen & Current trends
The C P U
Input
Store
Retrive
Output
Storage Device
Auxiliary & Backup Store
Display
Main Memory
Control Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Output
Central Processing Unit
( C P U )
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19 July 2006 3CPU , Gen & Current trends
Main Memory
Main Memory
Control Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write
Read Only Memory (R O M )
O/S Appln Prgm
Exec Prgm
BIOS
Supervisory Memory
User memory
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19 July 2006 4CPU , Gen & Current trends
R O M
Control Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Main Memory
Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write
(R O M )
O/S Appln Prgm
Exec Prgm
BIOS
Supervisory Memory
User memory
1. Masked ROM 2. P R O M 3. E P R O M 4. E E P R O M
D A T A
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19 July 2006 5CPU , Gen & Current trends
4 Type of R O M Masked R O M –
A bit pattern is permanently recorded. Specialised Manufacturing Process. Very Expensive
P R O M - Programmable Read Only Memory Can be programmed by User Using PROM Prgm can burn the fuses according to the bit
pattern - “Burning the PROM”
E P R O M – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Info stored is Semi-Permanent. Can be erased by exposing the memory to Ultra Violet Rays. Can be programmed again Most commonly used
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19 July 2006 6CPU , Gen & Current trends
E E P R O M – Electricity Erasable -
Programmable Read Only Memory Similar to EPROM Info can be altered using electrical signals Manufacturing process is quite complex Not commonly Used Very Expensive
E A P R O M - Electricity Alterable -
Programmable Read Only Memory
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19 July 2006 7CPU , Gen & Current trends
Types of Computer
Analog Digital Hybrid
Analog - Solves Problem by operating on contineous Variables.
Digital - performs arithmetic, logical & comparative functions on info in digital form
Combines features of Analog & Digital
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19 July 2006 8CPU , Gen & Current trends
Generation of Computers
1st - Tubes & Vales, large in size, Slow operating Speed, Limited Programming
Capacity, Short Life Span, Generated lot heat
2nd - Transistors , smaller in size, faster speed, lesser in cost & High reliability
3rd - Semiconductors, CHIP made of IC’s in mid 60’s, increased ALU capability,
ability to perform parallel operation, improvement of instructions, much smaller ,
reduction in cost drastically
4th - silicon chips, high resolution monitors, graphics improved,speed improved, size
& cost reduced.
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19 July 2006 9CPU , Gen & Current trends
The C P U
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19 July 2006 10CPU , Gen & Current trends
Super Grids
Made by universities and the military (Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors, for example) and other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.
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Types Of Hardware & Software
Prof. Sujata RaoSession 4
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19 July 2006 12CPU , Gen & Current trends
Types of Computer Grid Computer
Super Computer
Mainframes
Mini Computer
Microcomputer
Terminal Embedded Computer
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19 July 2006 13CPU , Gen & Current trends
Super Grids
Made by universities and the military (Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors, for example) and other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.
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19 July 2006 14CPU , Gen & Current trends
Super Computer
CDC 6600 designed by Seymour Cray (First commercially successful supercomputer-speed of 9 megaflops)
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19 July 2006 15CPU , Gen & Current trends
Supercomputers
Cray 1 - 1976 (courtesy Cray Inc.)
Cray Research-CRAY I vector architecture (designed by Seymour Cray, shaped the computer industry for years to come),
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19 July 2006 16CPU , Gen & Current trends
Thinking Machines, The Connection Machine, as this model is called, contains 64,000 CPUs
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19 July 2006 17CPU , Gen & Current trends
Players in the supercomputing arena
In 40 years (2004) there are but a few players left in the supercomputing arena:
Cray Dell HP (absorbed: Amdahl, Compaq who ate
Digital) IBM NEC SGI Sun
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19 July 2006 18CPU , Gen & Current trends
Companies IBM 3090 VPF.Evans Sutherland ES-1, Fujitsu VP-400E, NSFnet established Apollo, Ardent, and Stellar
Graphics Supercomputers, Hitachi S-820/80, Hypercube simulation on a
LAN at ORNL,CRAY Y-MP, Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web project at
CERN Seymour Cray: Founds Cray Computer Corp.-
Begins CRAY 3 using gallium arsenide chips Bell Labs - Optical Processors Intell - Paralell Processors
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19 July 2006 19CPU , Gen & Current trends
Mainframes
Mark I mainframe (1950's)
Eniac (1946) BINAC(1960's)
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19 July 2006 20CPU , Gen & Current trends
Mainframe
Mainframe is an industry term for a large computer. The name comes from the way the machine is build up: all units (processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus the main computer is build into a frame, therefore: Mainframe
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19 July 2006 21CPU , Gen & Current trends
Manufacturers
Amdahl, Burroughs, CDC Cray, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, NEC, SGI, Sun, Texas Instruments, Thinking Machines Univac
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19 July 2006 22CPU , Gen & Current trends
Objective
A mainframe has 1 to 16 CPU's (modern machines more)
Memory ranges from 128 Mb over 8 Gigabyte on line RAM
Its processing power ranges from 80 over 550 Mips
It has often different cabinets for Storage I/O RAM
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19 July 2006 23CPU , Gen & Current trends
Separate processes (program) for task management program management job management serialization catalogs inter address space communication
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19 July 2006 24CPU , Gen & Current trends
Objective
centralized computing opposite from distributed computing. Meaning all computing takes (physically) place on the mainframe itself: the processor section .
main purpose is to run commercial applications of Fortune 1000 businesses and other large-scale computing purposes.
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19 July 2006 25CPU , Gen & Current trends
IBM 4381 mainframe processor from 1985