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Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with

communication between computer systems or devices. Networking, routers,

routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet have their

specifications defined in documents called RFCs.[1] Computer networking is

sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, computer

science, information technology and/or computer engineering. Computernetworks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these

scientific and engineering disciplines.

A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each

other with the ability to exchange data.[2] Examples of different networks are:

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Local area network (LAN), which is usually a small network constrained

to a small geographic area.

Wide area network (WAN) that is usually a larger network that covers a

large geographic area

Local area network (LAN)

A local area network is a network that spans a relatively small space and

provides services to a small number of people.

A peer-to-peer or client-server method of networking may be used. A peer-

to-peer network is where each client shares their resources with other

workstations in the network. Examples of peer-to-peer networks are: Small

office networks where resource use is minimal and a home network. A client-

server network is where every client is connected to the server and each

other. Client-server networks use servers in different capacities. These can

be classified into two types:

1. Single-service servers

2. print server, where the server performs one task such as file

server, ; while other servers can not only perform in the capacity of file

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servers and print servers, but they also conduct calculations and use

these to provide information to clients (Web/Intranet Server).

Computers are linked via Ethernet Cable, can be joined either directly

(one computer to another), or via a network hub that allows multiple

connections.

 The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is

connected to a central node with a point-to-point link in a 'hub' and 'spoke'

fashion, the central node being the 'hub' and the nodes that are attached tothe central node being the 'spokes' (e.g., a collection of point-to-point links

from the peripheral nodes that converge at a central node) – all data that is

transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted to this central

node, which is usually some type of device that then retransmits the data to

some or all of the other nodes in the network, although the central node may

also be a simple common connection point (such as a 'punch-down' block)

without any active device to repeat the signals.

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 The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are

connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two

endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly referred to as

the backbone, or trunk) – all data that is transmitted between nodes in the

network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to

be received by all nodes in the network virtually simultaneously

(disregarding propagation delays).

 The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the

network is connected to two other nodes in the network and with the

first and last nodes being connected to each other, forming a ring – all

data that is transmitted between nodes in the network travels fromone node to the next node in a circular manner and the data generally

flows in a single direction onl

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Wide area network (WAN)

A wide area network is a network where a wide variety of resources are

deployed across a large domestic area or internationally. An example of this

is a multinational business that uses a WAN to interconnect their offices in

different countries. The largest and best example of a WAN is the Internet,

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which is a network composed of many smaller networks. The Internet is

considered the largest network in the world.The PSTN (Public Switched

 Telephone Network) also is an extremely large network that is converging to

use Internet technologies, although not necessarily through the public

Internet.

A Wide Area Network involves communication through the use of a wide

range of different technologies. These technologies include Point-to-

Point WANs such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and High-Level Data Link

Control (HDLC), Frame Relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer

Mode) and Sonet (Synchronous Optical Network). The difference between the

WAN technologies is based on the switching capabilities they perform and

the speed at which sending and receiving bits of information (data) occur.

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Router

Router in network

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A router (pronounced /'rautər/ in the USA, Canada and Australia,

pronounced /'ru:tə/ in the UK and Ireland, is a networking device whose

software and hardware are usually tailored to the tasks

of routing and forwarding information. For example, on the Internet,

information is directed to various paths by routers.

Bridges are similar to repeaters or network hubs, devices that connect

network segments at the physical layer; however, with bridging, traffic from

one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcast to adjacent network

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Gateway

eway

Gateway in network

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segments. In Ethernet networks, the term "bridge" formally means a device

that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard—this is most often

referred to as a network switch in marketing literature.

GROUP MEMBER:

• MUHAMMAD NAJIB 103 PLUTONIUM

• NAZATUL NAJIHAH 103 PLUTONIUM

• NABILAH 103 PLUTONIUM

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