computer hardware part 2t

7/27/2019 computer hardware part 2t

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Computer Hardware

(Cont.)

PGDM Trimester I, 2013


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Professionals must

know computer

components to

understand its

power and

capabilities

IT Applications in Management, 2013 2

A Peek Inside the Computer


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Arithmetic-logic unit: performs mathematicalcalculations and make logical comparisons.

Control unit: reads instructions, interpret them anddirects the other components of the computer system

to perform the functions required by the program. Registers are specialized, high-speed memory areas

used to temporarily hold small units of programinstructions and data immediately before, during andafter execution.

It also store certain control information

Buses: Instructions and data move between computersubsystems and the processor via communicationschannels called buses


CPU consists of


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Embedded with transistors

Transistoris a semiconductor

that can represent binary

codes two states

Digital circuits imprinted on

silicon chips


Physical Characteristics of the CPU


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Moore's Law to meanthe number oftransistors on a 1-inch(2.5 centimeter)diameter of silicondoubles every xnumber of months.

The number of monthsshifts as conditions inthe microprocessormarket change. Somepeople say it takes 18months and others say24


Physical Characteristics of the CPU


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How the CPU works?

1

2 3

4


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A computer executes an

instruction during a machine

cycle.

It consists of instructionphase followed by

execution phase.

The time in which machine

cycle occurs is measured in nanoseconds(one billionth) or

pecoseconds (one trillionth)


Machine Cycle


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Clock speedis a measure of how quickly a computercompletes basic computations and operations. It is measuredas a frequency in hertz (Hz), and most commonly refers to thespeed of the computer's Central Processing Unit

There is a small quartzcrystal inside of a CPU that vibrates at

a particular oscillation or frequency. This frequency sets the"speed" of processes in the computer and is usually very high;

they are typically measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz(GHz).

These cycles set the speed for all processes within acomputer. This ensures that all components and memory areworking together at a rate that remains harmonious. Differentcomponents and processes can also run as a fraction of theprimary CPU speed, which allows each element of acomputer to work on its own and still function with the primaryfrequency of the CPU.

Clock Speed



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CPU Speed is essentially the speed at which thecomputer can perform calculations which are fed to itthrough software program instructions loaded intovolatile random access memory (RAM).

Processor speed is limited by the number of transistors built into a processor, parallel connections to other processors,

the capacity of the bus to transmit data back and forth from theCPU to memory, and

other hardware specifications.

The amount of RAM available and the design of thesoftware that is accessing the system are also morecritical than the actual CPU performance itself.

CPU Speed



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iCOMP (Intel Comparative Microprocessor

Performance) was an index published by Intel

used to measure the relative performance of its

microprocessors. E.g.

Intel pentium III 933MHz: 3100

Intel pentium III 1.0 GHz: 3280

Processor Benchmarks



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As reported in http://www.cpubenchmark.net/

#1 Intel Xeon E5-2690 @ 2.90GHz

#2 Intel Xeon E5-2687W @ 3.10GHz




#6 Intel Core i7-3970X @ 3.50GHz#7 Intel Core i7-3960X @ 3.30GHz



#10 Intel Core i7-3930K @ 3.20GHz

#1 [Dual CPU] Intel Xeon E5-2690 @ 2.90GHz

#2 [Dual CPU] Intel Xeon E5-2687W @ 3.10GHz









Current Top Ten Lists (Single CPU /Multiple CPUs)



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Definition:

Generic name given to all input, output, andsecondary storage devices that are part of a

computer system, but are not part of the CPU. Ports and slots: These are devices used to

provide hardware interfaces plugs and sockets- to connect devices to computers and

components to provide a fully functionalcomputer


Computer Peripherals


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Peripherals


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Ports and Slots

scuzzy


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Speed, accuracy and Functions

Cost, Control and complexity

Nature of Data

Human readable

Machine readable

Data Entry and Data Input

Source Data Automation


Characteristics and functionality


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Online devices are separate from but can be

electronically connected to and controlled by a

CPU

Offline devices are separate from and not

under the control of the CPU


Online vs. Offline


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Computers must receive input to produce output

Provide a more natural user interface forcomputer users

Input devices include machines used to enterinstructions and data into computer

Ergonomics: It is the study of the comfort andsafety of human beings in their working

environment.


Input Devices


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Keying devices

Pointing Devices

Pen-Based Computing

Speech Recognition Systems

Optical Scanning

Source data input devices


Input Technologies


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Keyboard:

Contains keys that users

press to enter data and

instructions

Includes letters, numbers,

and punctuation etc.

QWERTY and Dvorak:

QWERTY standard

Dvorak facilitates fastertyping


Keying devices


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Ergonomic keyboard: fits the natural position of

forearms and prevents injury

Virtual keyboards


An ergonomic split keyboard


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Point-of-sale (POS) terminals

Punched card readers

Others



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Definition:

Consists of Icons, menus,

windows, buttons, bars,

etc for user selection,issuing commands and

responding to prompts


Graphical User Interface (GUI)


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Electronic Mouse Moving mouseon pad moves cursor on screen.Pressing buttons on mouse activatesactivities represented by selected

icons.

Trackball Stationary device with aroller ball on top used to move cursoron screen.

Pointing Stick Small button-likedevice which moves cursor indirection of pressure placed on stick.


Pointing Devices


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Touchpad Small rectangulartouch-sensitive surface whichmoves the cursor in thedirection of finger moves on the

pad.

Touch Screen Videodisplay screen that emits a grid

of infrared beams, or a slightelectric current that is brokenwhen the screen is touched.


Pointing Devices


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Definition:

Pressure-sensitive layer under

slate-like liquid crystal display

(LCD) screen and software thatdigitizes handwriting, hand

printing, and hand drawing

Used in tablet PCs and PDA


Pen-based Computing


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PDA accepting pen-based input


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Translating human speech

into computer-readable

data and instructions

Receive input frommicrophone and process

with software

May increase noise level inoffices


Speech Recognition


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Discrete user must

pause between each

spoken word

Continuous software

can recognize

conversationally-pacedspeech


Speech Recognition Systems


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Optical Scanning:

Devices that read text or graphics and convertthem into digital input for your computer

Imaging: converting documents into images Saves paper

More efficient retrieval and filing

Scanned document can be destroyed after scan


Imaging or optical scanning


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Copy data directly fromsource

Bar-codes (UPC), creditcards, and checks

Use optical recognitiondevices, which detectpositions of marks orcharacters (OMR/OCR)

Magnetic-ink character

recognition: detectsmagnetic ink on checks toautomate part of checkclearing.


Source Data Automation


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An optical scanning wand to read

bar code


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MICR


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Magnetic Stripe devices that

read data stored in the magnetic

stripe on the back of cards

Smart Cards devices that read amicroprocessor chip embedded in

a card

Digital cameras devices that

allow you to capture, store, anddownload still photos and full

motion pictures


Other Input Technologies


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IT Applications in Management 2013 35

RFID

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