computer graphivs project

7/29/2019 computer graphivs project

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Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunity to

express my gratitude towards all the people who have

in various ways, helped in the successful completion of

my project.

I must convey my gratitude to Prof.

Shikha Jerath for giving me the constant source of

inspiration and help in preparing the project,

personally correcting my work and providing

encouragement throughout the project.

I also thank all my faculty members

for steering me through the tough as well as easy

phases of the project in a result oriented manner with

concern attention.

Thanking You,

Victor B. Wilson


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IntroductionToday there are very few aspects of our lives not

affected by Computers. Practically every cash or

monetary transaction that takes place daily involves

a computer. In many cases, the same is true of

computer graphics. Whether you see them on

television, in newspapers, in weather reports or while

at the doctors surgery, computer images are all

around you. A picture is worth a thousand words is a

well-known saying and highlights the advantages and

benefits of the visual presentation of our data. We are

able to obtain a comprehensive overall view of our

data and also study features and areas of particular

interest.

A well-chosen graph is able to transform a complex

table of numbers into meaningful results. You know

that such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports

and thesis, as well as providing the basis for

presentation material in the form of slides and

overhead transparencies. A range of tools and facilities

are available to enable users to visualize their data, and

this document provides a brief summary and overview.

Computer graphics can be used in many disciplines.

Charting, Presentations, Drawing, Painting and Design,


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Image Processing and Scientific Visualization are some

among them.

In particular, we will emphasize the following

a) Basic concepts of Computer Graphics

b) Different types of Computer Graphics

c) Origin of Computer Graphics

d) Working of an interactive graphics display

e) Importance of speed in displaying pictures

f) The change in size an orientation of pictures

g) Applications of Computer Graphics

Basic Concepts of

Computer Graphics

I hope all of you are fond of video games and you may

be good at playing them. Have you seen the game ofPing-Pong? Its a game played by two people with a

pair video game controller and a home television set.

You can see that when a game is switched on, a small

bright spot, representing a ball, is seen bouncing to and

fro across the screen. Now each player uses his video

game controller to position a paddle to bounce the ball


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back to his opponent. The player who hits the ball past

his opponent wins a point and the one who gains 15

points wins the game. Now how did you invent this

video game? This has been done with the aid of

Computer Graphics. Video games represent a major

use in the home of computer graphics. Computer

graphics helps to create and manipulate pictures with

the aid of computers.

Computer graphics is concerned with all aspects of

producing images using a computer. It concerns with

the pictorial synthesis of real or imaginary objects from

their computer-based models.

Different Types ofComputer GraphicsComputer Graphics can be broadly divided into two

categories:

a)Non Interactive Computer Graphics: In Non-Interactive computer graphics otherwise

known as passive computer graphics, the

observer has no control over the image.

Familiar examples of this type of computer


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graphics include the titles shown on TV and

other forms of computer art.

b)Interactive Computer Graphics: InteractiveComputer Graphics involves a two way

communication between computer and user.

Here the observer is given some control over

the image by providing him with an input

device for example the video game controller

of the ping pong game. This helps him to

signal his request to the computer. The

computer on receiving signals from the input

device can modify the displayed picture

appropriately. To the user it appears that the

picture is changing instantaneously in

response to his commands. He can give aseries of commands, each one generating a

graphical response from the computer. In this

way he maintains a conversation, or dialogue,

with the computer. Interactive Computer

Graphics affects our lives in a number of

indirect ways. For example, it helps to trainthe pilots of our airplanes. We can create a

flight simulator which may help the pilots to

get trained not in a real aircraft but on the

grounds at the control of the flight simulator.

The flight simulator is a mock-up of an aircraft

flight deck, containing all the usual controls


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and surrounded by screens on which we have

the projected computer generated views of

the terrain visible on take-off and landing.

Flight simulators have many advantages over

the real aircrafts for training purposes,

including fuel savings, safety, and the ability to

familiarize the trainee with a large number of

the worlds airports.

Application of

Computer GraphicsAs ancient says a pixel is worth thousand words,

graphics is essential everywhere to understand the

things, concepts, etc. easily. Computer graphics is

useful in almost all part of our life. In the following

sections we are discussing some of the popular areas

of computer graphics.

Design and Drawing: In almost all areas of engineering,

be it civil, mechanical, electronic etc., drawings are of

prime importance. In fact, drawing is said to be the

language of engineers. The ability of computers to

store complex drawings and display them on demand

was one of the major attractions for using computers


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in graphic mode. However,

these were further advantages. Most of these drawings

were the result of engineering calculations. In fact,

programs can be written to make these calculations

and the results can be used to draw diagrams on

the screen. If changes are to be made,

one can get back to the design formulae and so

on. Thus, the area of design and drawing was one of

the earliest and most useful applications of graphics.

Animation: But what brought

the computers pretty close to the average individuals is

the concept of

animation moving pictures. It is the well-known

principle of moving pictures that a succession of

related pictures, when flashed with sufficient speedwill make the succession of pictures appears to be

moving. In movies, a sequence of such

pictures is shot and is displayed with sufficient speed

to make them appear moving. Computers can do it in

another way. The properties of the picture can be

modified at a fairly fast rate to make it appear moving.For example, if a hand is to be moved, say, the

successive positions of the hand at different periods

of time can be computed and pictures showing

the position of the hand at these positions can be

flashed on the screen. This led to the concept of

animation or moving pictures. In the initial stages,


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animation was mainly used in computer games.

However, this led to a host of other possibilities. As we

see later on in this course, computers not only

allow you to display the figures but also offer you

facilities to manipulate them in various ways you can

enlarge, reduce, rotate, twist, morph (make one

picture gradually change to another like an

Advertisement showing a cheetah changes into

a motor bike) and do a whole lot of other things. Thus,

a whole lot of films made use of computers to generate

tricks. In fact, several advertisement films &

cartoon strips are built with no actors at all only the

computer generated pictures.

Multimedia Applications: The use of sound cards to

make computers produce sound effect led to otheruses of graphics. The concept of virtual reality,

where in one can be taken through an unreal

experience, like going through an un-built house (to

see how it feels inside, once it is built) are possible by

the use of computer graphics technology. In

fact the ability of computers to convert electronicsignals (0 & 1) to data & then on to figures and pictures

has made it possible for us to get photographs of

distant planets like mars being reproduced here on the

earth in almost real time.


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Simulation: The other revolutionary change

that graphics made was in the area of simulation.

Basically simulation is a mock-up of an environment

elsewhere to study or experience it. The availability of

easily interactive devices (mouse is one of them, we

are going to see a few other later in the

course) made it possible to build simulators. One

example is of flight simulators, wherein the trainee,

sitting in front of a computer, can operate on

the interactive devices as if he were operating on the

flight controls and the changes he is expected to see

outside his window are made to appear on the screen,

so that he can master the skills of flight operations

before actually trying his hand on the actual flights.

The graphic capabilities of computers are used in avery large variety of areas like criminology (to recreate

faces of victims, assailants etc.) medical fields

(recreating pictures of internal cavities, using

signals sent by miniature cameras), recreation of

Satellite pictures etc.


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Program toDraw a Circle


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Program:

#include

#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"d:\\tc\\bgi");

setfillstyle(1,WHITE);

floodfill(1,1,WHITE);

setcolor(BLACK);

circle(250,250,100);

getch();

closegraph();

}


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Program to

Draw an Arc


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Program:

#include

#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;




setcolor(BLACK);

arc(300,200,0,180,90);

getch();

closegraph();

}


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Program to

Draw an

Ellipse


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Program:

#include

#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;




setcolor(BLACK);

ellipse(300,200,0,360,50,30);

getch();

closegraph();

}


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Program to

Draw a

Rectangle


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Program:

#include#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;




setcolor(BLACK);

rectangle(100,100,300,200);

getch();

closegraph();

}


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Program to

Draw a

Square


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Program:

#include

#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;




setcolor(BLACK);

line(100,300,300,300);

line(100,300,100,100);

line(100,100,300,100);

line(300,300,300,100);

getch();

closegraph(); }


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Program toDraw a

Triangle


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Program:

#include#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;




setcolor(BLACK);

line(200,200,400,200);

line(200,200,300,100);

line(400,200,300,100);

getch();

closegraph();

}


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Program toDraw a Hut


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Program:

#include

#include

#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;




setcolor(BLACK);

line(200,150,170,200);line(200,150,230,200);

rectangle(170,200,400,270);

line(200,150,370,150);


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line(370,150,400,200);

line(230,200,230,270);

circle(200,180,5);

rectangle(290,220,340,250);

rectangle(190,220,210,270);

getch();

closegraph();

}


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Program toDraw a Car


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Program:#include

#include

#include

void main(){

int gd=DETECT,gm;




setcolor(BLACK);

line(100,200,170,200);

line(170,200,190,150);

line(190,150,290,150);

line(290,150,310,200);


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line(310,200,380,200);

line(100,200,100,230);

line(100,230,170,230);

circle(190,230,20);

line(310,230,380,230);

circle(290,230,20);

line(210,230,270,230);

line(380,200,380,230);

rectangle(200,160,230,190);rectangle(250,160,280,190);

line(190,210,190,250);

line(170,230,210,230);

line(290,210,290,250);

line(270,230,310,230);

getch();

closegraph(); }


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Program to

Draw

Concentric

Circles


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Program:#include

#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;

int i;




setcolor(BLACK);

for(i=0;i


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Program toDraw a

Pentagram


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Program:

#include

#include

#include

void main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"d:\\TC\\bgi");



setcolor(BLACK);

circle(150,160,63);

line(150,100,100,200);


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line(100,200,200,200);

line(200,200,150,100);

line(100,125,200,125);

line(100,125,150,225);

line(150,225,200,125);

getch();

closegraph();

}


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Program to

Draw a

Scenery


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Program:

#include#include


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#include

void tree(int

t,int q)

{

int r=15;


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setfillstyle(6,BROWN);

rectangle(150

+t,390+q,170

+t,340+q);


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floodfill(151+t,342+q,2);

setfillstyle(11,

GREEN);

fillellipse(142+t,347+q,r,r);


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fillellipse(175

+t,340+q,r,r);



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}

void main()


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{int

gd=DETECT,g

m;

int i,j,k,t,q,r;

float x,y;


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initgraph(&gd,&gm,"d:\\tc

\\bgi");

setcolor(2);


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rectangle(0,0,getmaxx(),get

maxy());

for(i=0;i


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{line(i,250,i+60

,170);

line(i+60,170,i

+120,250);

}


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t=10;

line(0,400,get

maxx(),350);

B:line(50+t,28

0,50+t,320);


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line(50+t,320,60+t,320);

line(60+t,320,

70+t,320);

line(70+t,320,80+t,320);


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line(130+t,320,80+t,320);

line(70+t,320,

70+t,300);

line(60+t,300,60+t,320);


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line(70+t,300,60+t,300);

line(80+t,320,

80+t,280);

line(130+t,320,130+t,280);


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line(80+t,280,130+t,280);

line(50+t,280,

80+t,280);

line(50+t,280,65+t,260);


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line(65+t,260,80+t,280);

line(65+t,260,

110+t,260);

line(130+t,280,110+t,260);


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setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,DAR

KGRAY);

floodfill(51+t,

282,2);


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setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);

floodfill(61+t,

302,2);


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setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELL

OW);

floodfill(81+t,

282,2);


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setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,MAG

ENTA);

floodfill(66+t,

270,2);


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setfillstyle(4,BROWN);

floodfill(100+

t,270,2);

if(t==10)

{


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t=320;goto B;

}

tree(0,-10);

tree(100,-20);

tree(30,-100);


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tree(350,-60);tree(160,-50);

setfillstyle(SO

LID_FILL,12);

fillellipse(150,

80,35,35);


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setfillstyle(2,LIGHTBLUE);

floodfill(10,10,

2);


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setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,CYA

N);

floodfill(1,get

maxy()-1,2);


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setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,LIGH

TGREEN);

floodfill(49,27

0,2);


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for(i=36;i


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x=150+i*cos(((float)j*3.14)/

180);

y=80+i*sin(((f

loat)j*3.14)/180);


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putpixel(x,y,LIGHTRED);

}

getch();

}

computer graphivs project

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