COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY - North Star Imaging Morro.pdf · Director: Digital Radiography Products NDT...
Transcript of COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY - North Star Imaging Morro.pdf · Director: Digital Radiography Products NDT...
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHYCOMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
The HIGH COSTof
:
ALGORYTHMS
Three Rivers Technical Conference
August 2009
Fred Morro Fujifilm NDT Systems USA
Director: Digital Radiography Products NDT
FMSU CONFIDENTIAL - 13 September 2006
Fred Morro
•Certifications:•NDT Level 3•NAVSHIPS 250-1500 Certified Examiner•NAVSHIPS CMC 049•NAVSHIPS NR: Specialty Certifications NDT•NAVSHIPS 271
•Activities:•ASNT:
Local Chapters
Technical Chair: Annual Digital Imaging Conference•ASTM: Chair E7-02-01-02: Digital Reference Images
Technical Advisor ASTM “CR”
Phantom•Special Committee Advisor: CR (New Committee)
Digital Imaging Conference Foxwoods CT
12th Conference
Any NDT Paper Should Be a Story
TIME WARP
The Year: 1980:•No “Cell Phones”•Limited Analog Cable TV•No PC’s•No Internet•35mm Photography•“Word Processing” Infancy
Industrial Radiography:•Film Based•Microprocessor X-Ray Controls•Silver Reclaiming
REAL TIME RADIOGRAPHY
1980
1980
TFI Corp. West Haven Ct.Formerly DBA Picker Industrial
Designed and Manufactured A Totally Automated Inspection System Employing Digital Image Processing.
1980
“AFIS ”Automated Fluoroscopic
Inspection System
System:
Examination of Safety and Arming Devices
•160 kVcp X-Ray Source•6” X-Ray Image Intensifier System•Hamamatsu Digital Camera with Density Profile
Digital Binary Slice•Digital Equipment Corp “LSI 11”•Radiation and Explosion Protection
1980
1980
Of Course:• Extensive Marketing Campaign• “ADR” Was Available• Papers at ASQC and Many ASNT Sections
1980
As part of the Paper Given:
Algorithms were described as the Key to the Successful Application
The Audience Remained Quiet“Q and A” Period
1980
What The Heck is An Algorithm?
Algorithm
Actually Has TWO “Definitions
Both can have an IMPACT on Our Activities
First:
Algorithm
“Al Gore ithm”
Algorithm
“Al Gore ithm” would have usStop using photographic chemicals.
With the decline of Photographic Film, and the even more rapidly Declining use of Wet Film Technology
The emphasis of the possible “Ban”Of our Chemistry is a Distinct Possibility
A very High Cost Algorithm
Algorithm
An algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, an explicit, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. It is formally a type of effective method in which a list of well-defined instructions for completing a task, will when given an initial state, proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating in an end-state.
Algorithm
Digital Radiography
Two CategoriesImage Generation
•Contrast•Gray Scale•Filtering
Viewing Tools
•Measurement•Annotation•Values•Storage
Algorithms
Digital Radiography
Two CategoriesImage Generation
•Contrast•Gray Scale•Filtering
Viewing Tools
•Measurement•Annotation•Values•Storage
Algorithms
Image GenerationContrast:HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION
Histogram equalization can be used to improve the visual appearance of an image. Peaks in the image histogram (indicating commonly used grey levels) are widened, while the valleys are compressed.
Re-Distribution
Histogram Equalization
NDT Image Histogram Equalization
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Equalization
Dynamic Range Control
A patented method of displaying the VariousGray Scales in a Given Scene while not Compromising or altering ACCEPTABLECONTRAST levels in a Radiographic Image
Typical CR Image
Contrast Adjusted to acceptable .20 Penetrameter
Dynamic Range Control
Contrast Adjusted to acceptable .20 Penetrameter
Direct Comparison
Dynamic Range Control
Image Generation
Various Pixel Edge Values Applied: Brightness and Width
Image GenerationFiltering/Edge Treatments
Multi Frequency Processing
Edge Treatments:
Curves
IMAGE GENERATION “GT”
Linear Curve: Most Commonly Used
Curves
IMAGE GENERATION
Applying a Film Type Curve
Curves
IMAGE GENERATION
Applying a Film Type Curve
Curves
IMAGE GENERATION
The “GT” Curve can also beRotated to ProduceA “Positive” Image Display
“CR” Selection
Algorithms
Should be:•User Friendly•Automated as Possible•ASTM Compliant•S/N Ratio
•Supportable•Upgradeable
“CR” SelectionSoftware
Should:•Process Raw Image Data
•Be Easily Applied
•Be Capable of Re-Processing Image Files
•Inform the User of Exposure Dose
“CR” Selection: SoftwareSoftware should be Configured to allow Inspection Personnel to select Pre-Prescribed Gray ScaleTreatments to the raw data, and automatically apply those via the use of a “Menu” or “Recipe”. Menus can be given Material, Part, or Process names, even “Film Emulations”
The use of this type of Software Application assures consistencyBetween all personnel using “CR” Technology.
“ Currently Personnel select Film Types or Speeds to accomplish this”
“CR” Selection: Software
Software should be Configured to allow Inspection Personnel to Re-process a data file in the event of any errors in the Menu selection process by simply Re-calling the raw data and Re-processing using another menu.
This type of Capability eliminates the need to Re-ShootIn the event of a Menu Selection Error
“CR” Selection: Software
Custom Menu For Specific application
Computed RadiographyImaging Plates can be used with X-Ray, LinearAccelerators, Radioactive Isotopes, and NeutronSources.
A variety of Materials and Thickness’ can be examined.
“CR” Selection
Select Imaging Plates basedOn the Classification and Their “QDE” and Internal Scatter Characteristics
Imaging Plate Cross Section
X-Ray
Storage Phosphor
Thicker Phosphor Coatings in IP’s:•Higher “QDE”•More Internal Scatter
Phosphor LayerPhosphor LayerBaF (Cl,Br,I):EUBaF (Cl,Br,I):EU2+2+
The Mysterious One
Has many people talking about it.What is it?
The Mysterious One
Does Exist
•The result of extensive Research•In High Demand•Superior Image Technology
The Mysterious One
The “Blue” Imaging PlateIs a Fujifilm UR-1 and UR-2 GenreOf Imaging Plate specifically designed For use where only the best is required.
As we select slower films for HigherPerformance, and greater X-Ray Sensitivity, the UR Family of Imaging Plate fills that void.
The Mysterious One
IX 100IX 80IX 50IX 25
D7D4D3D2
Selection is application SpecificST6 UR1ST7 UR2
And More to Come
The Mysterious One
There is no Mystery
It is simply an extension of TechnologyResponding to the Market Requirements
These Imaging Plates are In Demand by Friend and Foe
“CR” Selection: Reader
Readers are the Heart of the System
Classify Readers by the Ability To Convert the Analog Data to a Digital Format. This Not Only Includes Laser Spot Size, but TrueTwo Dimensional Pixel Size.
Select a Reader by Pixel matrix
Select a Reader by the MethodOf “IP” Transport
“CR” Selection: Reader
This Not Only Includes Laser Spot Size, but True Two Dimensional Pixel Size.
Laser Spot Size is Important,It does However only consider one Dimension of the Pixel.
True Resolution is determined by thePixel Sampling Rate along the laserScan line, and subsequent scans which Usually are controlled by the transport Of the Imaging Plate. Poor transport Results in “Dead” lines, or overlap, Which can result in Blur or Information Loss
“CR” Selection: Reader
This Not Only Includes Laser Spot Size, but True Two Dimensional Pixel Size.
Laser Spot Size is Important,It does However only consider one Dimension of the Pixel.
Smooth Jitter FreeCorrect Sampling for True Square Pixel
Correct Indexing
TransportSlippage andOverlap
True Spatial Resolution Factors
Computed RadiographyDynamIX Series 5 HR
DynamIX Series 5
DynamIX Series 5
Computed Radiography
DynamIX Series 5 HRDynamIX Series 5
NOT ALL“CR” IS THE
SAME
Revolution
Coupled with Revolutionary New Imaging Plate Developments:
?
A Higher Resolution Reader
Revolution
10 LP/MM
RevolutionDynamIX Series 5 HR
64 Mega-Pixel0.002” Pixel
+ =Advanced “IP”
“Very Good”Combined With:•High S/N R•EDR•Menu Drives•High Speed
Revolutionary Results
Crisp Penetrameter Sensitivity
Algorithms
High Cost
The HIGH COST of NOTHaving the Appropriate
Algorithms
Algorithms
Thank You