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The Spread of Computational Thinking
Peter LeeProfessor and Head of Computer ScienceInterim Director, Center for Computational ThinkingCarnegie Mellon University
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“Computational thinking is a way of solving problems, designing systems, and understanding human behavior that draws on concepts fundamental to computer science.”
— Jeannette Wing
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How can I save Peter’s
life?
Fast algorithms for optimizing n-way organ exchange will be adopted by UNOS
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The Necessity of CT
By thinking computationally (that is, abstracting the problem, understanding the consequences of scale, and applying algorithmic concepts), we extract simplicity from complexity and, in this case, save lives.
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http://computationalthinking.org
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People who Think Computationally Can…
Apply algorithmic concepts to understand, explain, solve, and debug problems, processes, and interactions
Understand the consequences of scale in terms of both engineering and societal impact
Make use of abstractions at multiple levels, to control complexity and collaborate more effectively
…
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People who Think Computationally Can…
Apply algorithmic concepts to understand, explain, solve, and debug problems, processes, and interactions
recursion, divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, …Understand the consequences of scale in terms of both engineering and societal impact
exponential growth, greedy vs global, Metcalfe’s Law, …Make use of abstractions at multiple levels, to control complexity and collaborate more effectively
applied logic, languages, ……
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The Spread of CT
Workshop series: Computational Thinking for Everyone
“…revolutionary science and engineering research outcomes made possible by innovations and advances in computational thinking…”
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This Session
A sample of research and education activities in the Center for Computational ThinkingCalled PROBEs, for PROBlem-oriented Explorations, each explores and/or demonstrates the value of computational thinking, in
drug discoveryparallel computingmusic and the arts
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Computational Thinking for Drug Design
Christopher James LangmeadDepartment of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon University
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Drug Design and ResistanceExample: HIV-1 Protease (HIV PR)
What is Drug Design?Finding a compound that:
Binds to target moleculeInhibits function of target
What is Resistance?A set of mutations to target that:
Inhibits binding of drugPreserves function of target
image source: wikipedia
HIV PR and drug
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Key Question:
Can we design compounds that bind to, and inhibit function of target molecule --- and all viable mutants?
Mutant 1 Mutant n
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Computational Thinking for Drug DesignAbstraction #1
2-player Game: Pharma vs. VirusA resistance-evading drug is a “checkmate”
Moves:Pharma moves by introducing/modifying compoundVirus moves by introducing mutationsNote: Pharma can anticipate virus’ moves, but not vice-versa
Move EvaluatorNature’s function: (changes in) Free Energy
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Computational Thinking for Drug DesignAbstraction #2
Computing free energies , probabilistic inferenceStatistical Physics tells us how to derive free energies from the probability distribution over configuration spaceWe can efficiently represent these probability distributions using undirected probabilistic graphical modelsFree energies are computed via (generalized) belief propagation (BP) BP
MRF
Free Energy (move evaluator)
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Results to Date
Tasks: Classification: does mutation M confer resistance to drug D?Regression: quantitative accuracy of predicted free energies
Data: 7 commercially available drugsWild-type + 14 mutants known to confer resistance
Accuracy: Classification: 71% accuracy (sens = 68%; spec = 100%)Regression: 0.9 kcal/mol
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Parallel Thinking
Guy E. BlellochProfessorCarnegie Mellon University
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18
Andrew Chien, 2008
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Problems in Moving to Multicores
Building the hardware?Developing good programming languages or extensions to existing languages?Developing efficient parallel algorithms?Developing good compilers, run-time systems, and debuggers?Developing good OS support?Rewriting the existing code base?Educating programmers to “think parallel”?
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Parallel Thinking
As with “Computational Thinking” in general, “Parallel Thinking” is not a set of ad-hoc libraries, programming languages, and interfaces to learn, it is a set of core ideas and a way of approaching problems.If explained at the right level of abstraction many algorithms are naturally parallel? We currently brainwash programmers to think sequentially.Conjecture: If done right with appropriate knowledge parallel programming might be as easy as sequential programming for many uses?
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Example: Quicksort procedure QUICKSORT(S): if S contains at most one element then return S else begin choose an element a randomly from S; let S1, S2 and S3 be the sequences of elements in S less than, equal to, and greater than a, respectively; return (QUICKSORT(S1) followed by S2 followed by QUICKSORT(S3))end
Two forms of natural parallelism
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Example: Parallel Selection {e in S | e < a};
S = [2, 1, 4, 0, 3, 1, 5, 7] F = S < 4 = [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0] I = addscan(F) = [0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5]
where F R[I] = S = [2, 1, 0, 3, 1]
Each element gets sum ofprevious elements.Seems sequential?
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Example: Scan
[2, 1, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7]
[3, 6, 4, 12]sum
recurse[0, 3, 9, 13]
[2, 7, 12, 18]sum
interleave[0, 2, 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 18]
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Conclusion
Educating programmers and researchers on parallelism is key.
We need to identify the “core” ideas in parallel thinking and concentrate on these.
Perhaps we can teach parallelism from day 1 and without much more effort than teaching sequential computing.
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Computational Thinking and Music Performance
Roger B. DannenbergAssociate Research Professor of Computer Science and ArtCarnegie Mellon University
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The Big Picture
Everyone likes musicMost just listen, but many playMusic Merchants: $8B, 5M instruments (US, 2006)Sound reinforcement: $1.5B (US, 2006)Audacity Audio Editor (Dannenberg & Mazzoni): 1M/month
Computation can enhance the musical experience by providing automated, live, musical partners
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The Performer
Real-time performance synchronized to human musiciansAssumes quasi-steady tempo
research: characterize tempo variation in human performance
Uses foot-tapping to give the beat to the computerresearch: interfaces and methods for tempo acquisition and cues
Uses pre-recorded audio (20 instruments in real time)
research: high-quality, low-latency, time-variable, ensemble time stretching
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The Performer in Concert
Carnegie Mellon Jazz Ensemble + strings, directed by Dave Pellow, “Alone Together” arranged and conducted by Dr. John Wilson, strings recorded at Carnegie Mellon School of Music
Video
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Future Work
Interface, interface, interfaceSensingDisplayComputational Thinking and the Digital Music Stand
Tablet PC and smaller platforms (Kindle? Cell phones?)Capture music notation as digital photosRecord all rehearsals“Learn the music” for page turns, etc.Feedback: location, intonation, cues
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ART and CODE
Golan LevinAssociate Professor of ArtDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
… a Director
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
… an Artist/Engineer
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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… and an Educator
“Studio Arts courses in Computer Science”Where the medium is code, but the objective is self-expression
Introduction to Computational FormInformation Visualization as Personal InquiryInteractive Technologies for Live PerformanceAudiovisual Systems and MachinesGenerative & Digital Fabrication
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Golan LevinStudio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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"Where's my Place?"
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"Where's my Place?"
There is no category for“art software” in this landscape.
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Reason 1. ("That's Not Art/CS!")
We’re too slow to acknowledge thatComputation and Culture exist in feedback
Computing influences the evolution of cultureCulture motivates and prompts advances in computing“Culture” = people communicating together
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Reason 2. ("Who, me?")
A pervasive belief that software is made by someone else
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Reason 2. ("Who, me?")
A pervasive belief that software is made by someone else
Generally, we can’t even pimp it the way we can pimp our cars
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What is Software Literacy?
Just as true literacy in English means being able to write as well as read …
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What is Software Literacy?
Just as true literacy in English means being able to write as well as read …
True literacy in software demands not only knowing how to use commercial software tools, but also how to create new software for oneself and for others
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Programming as a Liberal Art
CS departments should not have the monopolyon teaching programming
Programming (an everyday skill) and Computer Science (a research subject) are different
Computer scientists are not necessarily good atteaching programming to people from other disciplines(who may have very different motivations for learning)
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11 Different Arts-programming Languages
Actionscript/Flash (Adobe)Extendscript (Adobe)Alice (CMU) Hackety HackMax / MSP / JitteropenFrameworks (C++)Processing (Java)PureDataScratchSilverlightVVVV
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… not "Research Microlanguages"
The significance of these tools is not theoretical Each of these toolkits has 10K – 1M+ usersThey have totally transformed the landscape of which kinds of people are now writing codePeople like: “artists, young people, and the rest of us”
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NameTitleOrganization
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NameTitleOrganization
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Atelier-Style Education
Importing methods of arts pedagogy:Curiosity-driven problem generation and solvingIndividualized feedback for individual needs
Similar to a music instrument lesson
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NameTitleOrganization
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NameTitleOrganization
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NameTitleOrganization
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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Attendee Diversity
Many, many people want to learn to code234 total registered attendeesHailing from 7 countries (inc. France, Norway, …)Hailing from 23 different American states
22% from Carnegie Mellon University39% from Pittsburgh and Allegheny County67% from East Coast + Rust Belt
Ages 11 through 7535% female
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Attendee Diversity
So diverse, in fact…
“Is this event for developers, or kids?” yes…“Is this event for developers, or artists?” yes…“…” (sound of brain breaking)
Some introductions…
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Workshops at Art && Code
21 workshops in 11 different programming languagesGenerally 10-20 students per workshopAbout 1100 person-hours of learning in one weekend
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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NameTitleOrganization
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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NameTitleOrganization
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Art && Code: a Summit / Symposium
Creators of these toolkits had never been gathered togetherTopic: what motivated the creation of these toolkitsTopic: Feedback between user communities + features(particularly for open-source toolkits)
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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A New Digital Community
Built with Ning, quickly grew to 500+ global membersContinues to grow, even months laterSymposium videos receiving thousands of viewsAll online… have a look!artandcode.com
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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Golan LevinDirector, Studio for Creative InquiryCarnegie Mellon University
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