Computational Ship Design

Myung-Il Roh • Kyu-Yeul Lee

Computational Ship Design

Myung-Il RohNaval Architecture and OceanEngineering

Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea (Republic of)

Kyu-Yeul LeeNaval Architecture and OceanEngineering

Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea (Republic of)

ISBN 978-981-10-4884-5 ISBN 978-981-10-4885-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4885-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945806

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claimsin published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Preface

Ship design has long been done manually because of the special features of a ship,

such as its purposes, external forces, and production methods. With the develop-

ment of computer technology, ship design has seen rapid growth in both academic

and industrial research. Many obstacles can be overcome by adopting systematic

methods and applying automation concepts to such a field.

As one such approach, this book offers systematic methods and related theories

for ship design and applications based on computational methods. It reflects the

authors’ own experiences in ship design and R&D activities and incorporates

improvements based on feedback received from many experts on shipyards. The

comprehensive description of each design step presented in this book offers sys-

tematic methodologies and guidelines in ship design for academics, researchers,

students, and industrial manufacturers from diverse fields, including ocean engi-

neering and mechanical engineering. In addition, it will be of great value to those

involved in designing a new ship or improving an existing ship. This book offers

detailed descriptions of problems, related theories, mathematical formulation,

selection of algorithms, and other core design information. Details of applications

have been provided based on actual examples in the field.

With 17 chapters and appendices, this book covers all steps of ship design, from

a detailed description of design theories to the cutting-edge applications based on

computational methods. It provides both systematic methodologies and guidelines

related to ship design for the present and future leaders in both academic and

industrial sectors.

Chapter 1 gives an introduction to ship design. Basic requirements and func-

tions, terminologies, and design stages of a ship are explained. Chapter 2 deals with

the analysis of a ship owner’s requirements that are the starting point of ship design.

Chapter 3 explains various design constraints of the ship, including the physical,

economic, and regulatory. Chapter 4 gives methods for estimating lightship weight

(simply, lightweight). Chapter 5 deals with how to predict the resistance and power

of the ship. Chapter 6 deals with the selection of the main engine based on the

predicted resistance and power. Chapter 7 explains how to calculate the principal

v

dimensions of the propeller. Chapter 8 gives a method for estimating the capacity of

the cargo hold. Chapter 9 introduces the ICLL (International Convention onLoad Lines) to calculate the minimum required freeboard. Chapter 10 explains

how to decide on the principal dimensions of the ship according to its type.

Chapter 11 deals with hull form design, including generation, variation, fairing,

and performance evaluation of the hull form. Chapter 12 deals with general

arrangement design, including that of the various compartments in the hull, and

stability evaluation of the ship. Chapter 13 introduces hull structural design con-

siderations for design loads and various strengths based on the CSR (CommonStructural Rules). Chapter 14 deals with outfitting of the hull, machinery, accom-

modations, and electrical system. Chapter 15 introduces a methodology for the

economic evaluation of the ship, including shipbuilding and operating costs, RFR

(Required Freight Rate), and OPF (Operational Profit Factor). Chapter 16 gives an

example of how to calculate the principal dimensions of a VLCC (Very Large

Crude oil Carrier). Chapter 17 presents examples of ship design models, including

hull form, compartments, and hull structure.

This book also includes appendices to help readers understand optimization

methods and gives examples of optimal ship design.

Most of the book is based on the authors’ lecture notes, which were developed

over the past two decades, for the undergraduate course on ship design in the

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at Seoul National Uni-

versity in Korea. The lecture notes can be also found on the website of

OpenCourseWare at this university (http://ocw.snu.ac.kr). For understanding the

contents presented in this book, the readers are assumed to have basic knowledge of

courses in fluid mechanics, mechanics of materials, ship stability (or naval archi-

tectural calculation), and numerical methods, which are commonly taught as

prerequisite courses in most departments related to the field of naval architecture

and ocean engineering at universities.

Finally, the authors would like to thank Springer for the cooperation in publish-

ing this book.

Seoul, Korea Myung-Il Roh

Seoul, Korea Kyu-Yeul Lee

February 2017

vi Preface

Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Basic Requirements and Functions of a Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.3 Ship Terminologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3.1 Principal Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3.2 Ship Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.3 Weight and Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3.4 Speed and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.4 Design Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2 Analysis of Ship Owner’s Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.2 Ship Owner’s Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3 Survey of Parent Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.4 Review of Rules and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.4.1 IMO (International Maritime Organization) . . . . . . . . 16

2.4.2 Classification Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.4.3 Administrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 Design Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.2 Physical Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.3 Economical Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.3.1 Volume Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.3.2 Service Speed and DFOC

(Daily Fuel Oil Consumption) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.4 Regulatory Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.4.1 Required Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.4.2 Required Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

vii

3.5 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5.1 Weight Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5.2 Volume Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.5.3 Required Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.5.4 Required Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4 Estimation of Lightweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4.2 Method 1: Using the Lightweight of Parent Ship . . . . . . . . . . 27

4.3 Method 2: Using the Ratio of Deadweight to Total Weight . . . . . 28

4.4 Method 3: Using the Length, Breadth, and Depth . . . . . . . . . . 28

4.5 Method 4: Dividing into Structural, Outfit, and Machinery

Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.5.1 Structural Weight (Ws) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.5.2 Outfit Weight (Wo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.5.3 Machinery Weight (Wm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.5.4 Lightweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.6 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.6.1 Method 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.6.2 Method 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.6.3 Method 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.6.4 Method 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5 Prediction of Resistance and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.2 Ship Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.3 Methods for Prediction of Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5.4 Prediction of Resistance by Holtrop and Mennen’s Method . . . . 40

5.4.1 Frictional Resistance (RF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5.4.2 Appendage Resistance (RAPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.4.3 Wave Resistance (RW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5.4.4 Additional Pressure Resistance of Bulbous

Bow (RB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5.4.5 Additional Pressure Resistance of Immersed

Transom (RTR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.4.6 Model-Ship Correlation Resistance (RA) . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.4.7 Total Resistance (RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5.5 Prediction of Propulsion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.5.1 Propulsive Efficiency (ηD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.5.2 Propeller Efficiency in Open Water (ηO) . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.5.3 Hull Efficiency (ηH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5.5.4 Relative Rotative Efficiency (ηR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5.5.5 Wake Fraction Coefficient (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5.5.6 Thrust Deduction Coefficient (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

viii Contents

5.6 Power Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.6.1 Effective Horse Power (EHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.6.2 Thrust Horse Power (THP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.6.3 Delivered Horse Power (DHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.6.4 Shaft Horse Power (SHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5.6.5 Brake Horse Power (BHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5.6.6 Normal Continuous Rating (NCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5.6.7 Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

5.7 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.7.1 Method for Prediction of Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.7.2 Method for Prediction of Propulsion Factors . . . . . . . 55

5.7.3 Method for Prediction of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

6 Selection of Main Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.2 Characteristics of Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.3 Power and Speed of Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6.4 Layout Diagram of Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6.5 Selection of Main Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6.6 Estimation of DFOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

6.7 Estimation of Capacity of Fuel Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

6.8 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

6.8.1 Selection of Main Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

6.8.2 Estimation of DFOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6.8.3 Estimation of Capacity of Fuel Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

7 Determination of Principal Dimensions of Propeller . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

7.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

7.2 Principal Dimensions of Propeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

7.2.1 Propeller Diameter (DP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

7.2.2 Propeller Pitch (Pi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

7.2.3 Expanded Area Ratio (AE/AO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

7.2.4 Number of Blades (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

7.2.5 Propeller Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

7.3 Non-dimensional Coefficients in Propeller Design . . . . . . . . . 73

7.3.1 Advance Ratio (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

7.3.2 Thrust Coefficient (KT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

7.3.3 Torque Coefficient (KQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

7.3.4 Propeller Efficiency in Open Water (ηO) . . . . . . . . . . 75

7.4 Determination of Principal Dimensions of Propeller . . . . . . . . 76

7.4.1 Stage 1: Assumption of Propeller Diameter . . . . . . . . 77

7.4.2 Stage 2: Determination of Engine Power and Speed,

and Propeller Pitch for Maximization of ηO . . . . . . . . 79

Contents ix

7.4.3 Stage 3: Determination of Optimal Principal

Dimensions of Propeller and Maximum

Ship Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

7.4.4 Stage 4: Determination of Engine Power and Speed

Using the Determined Propeller Dimensions . . . . . . . . . 91

7.4.5 Stage 5: Generation of Speed-Power Curve . . . . . . . . 93

7.5 Relation Between Propeller Speed, Diameter,

and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

7.6 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

7.6.1 Stage 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

7.6.2 Stage 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

7.6.3 Stage 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

7.6.4 Stage 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

7.6.5 Stage 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

8 Estimation of Capacity of Cargo Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

8.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

8.2 Method 1: Using the Length, Breadth, and Depth . . . . . . . . . . 101

8.3 Method 2: Using the Length of Cargo Hold, Breadth,

and Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

8.4 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

8.4.1 Method 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

8.4.2 Method 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

9 Calculation of Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

9.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

9.2 Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

9.3 Freeboard Deck and Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

9.3.1 Freeboard Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

9.3.2 Freeboard Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

9.4 Calculation of the Required Freeboard by ICLL

(International Convention on Load Lines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

9.4.1 Classification of Ship Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

9.4.2 Calculation of Tabular Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

9.4.3 Addition for Block Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

9.4.4 Correction for Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

9.4.5 Correction for Position of Deck Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

9.4.6 Deduction for Superstructures and Trunks . . . . . . . . . 119

9.4.7 Correction for Sheer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

9.4.8 Addition for Minimum Bow Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

9.4.9 Addition for Reserve Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

9.4.10 Calculation of Minimum Freeboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

9.5 Check for the Freeboard Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

9.6 Load Line Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

x Contents

9.7 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

9.7.1 Calculation of the Required Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . 132

9.7.2 Check for the Freeboard Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

10 Determination of Principal Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

10.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

10.2 Weight Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

10.3 Volume Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

10.4 Required Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

10.5 Types of Ships Considering Cargo Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

10.6 Procedure for Determining Principal Dimensions of Ship . . . . . . 137

10.6.1 Procedure for Deadweight Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

10.6.2 Procedure for Volume Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

10.7 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

11 Hull Form Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

11.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

11.2 Generation of Hull Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

11.2.1 Primary Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

11.2.2 Secondary Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

11.2.3 Generation of Wireframes of Hull Form . . . . . . . . . . 147

11.2.4 Hull Form Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

11.2.5 Sectional Area Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

11.3 Hull Form Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

11.3.1 Dimensional Variation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

11.3.2 CP Variation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

11.4 Hull Form Fairing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

11.4.1 Modification of Hull Form Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

11.4.2 Evaluation of the Quality of Hull Form . . . . . . . . . . . 166

11.5 Performance Evaluation of Hull Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

11.5.1 Stability Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

11.5.2 Resistance and Propulsion Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 168

11.5.3 Maneuverability Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

11.6 Generation of Hull Lines Plan and Hull Form Surface . . . . . . . 176

11.6.1 Hull Lines Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

11.6.2 Hull Form Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

11.7 Appendage Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

11.8 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

12 General Arrangement Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

12.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

12.2 Various Types of Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

12.3 Rules and Regulations for Tanker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

12.3.1 Requirement for Double Hull Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Contents xi

12.3.2 Limitation of the Size of Cargo Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

12.3.3 Installation of Slop Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

12.3.4 Installation of Segregated Ballast Tanks . . . . . . . . . . 186

12.3.5 Protection of Fuel Oil Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

12.4 Cargo Hold Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

12.4.1 Watertight Bulkhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

12.4.2 Frame Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

12.4.3 Double Bottom Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

12.4.4 Side Tank Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

12.4.5 Cofferdam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

12.4.6 Hopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

12.4.7 Cargo Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

12.4.8 Helicopter Landing and Winching Mark . . . . . . . . . . 191

12.5 Fore Body Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

12.5.1 Length of Fore Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

12.5.2 Height of Fore Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

12.5.3 Hull Tanks and Compartments Arrangement

in Fore Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

12.6 Engine Room Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

12.6.1 Length of Engine Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

12.6.2 Height of Engine Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

12.6.3 Hull Tanks Arrangement in Engine Room . . . . . . . . . 197

12.6.4 Rooms Arrangement in Engine Room . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

12.7 After Body Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

12.7.1 Length of After Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

12.7.2 Height of After Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

12.7.3 Hull Tanks and Rooms Arrangement

in After Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

12.8 Stability Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

12.8.1 Capacity Calculation of Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . 202

12.8.2 Intact Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

12.8.3 Damage Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

12.9 Generation of General Arrangement Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

12.10 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

13 Hull Structural Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

13.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

13.1.1 Hull Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

13.1.2 Principal Dimensions for Hull Structural Design . . . . . 217

13.1.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

13.1.4 Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

13.1.5 Procedure of Hull Structural Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

13.2 Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

13.2.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

13.2.2 Dynamic Load Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

xii Contents

13.2.3 Ship Motions and Accelerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

13.2.4 Hull Girder Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

13.2.5 External Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

13.2.6 Internal Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

13.2.7 Design Load Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

13.3 Hull Girder Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

13.3.1 Hull Girder Bending Strength Assessment . . . . . . . . . 237

13.3.2 Hull Girder Shear Strength Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 239

13.4 Hull Local Scantling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

13.4.1 Loads for Hull Local Scantling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

13.4.2 Minimum Thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

13.4.3 Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

13.4.4 Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

13.5 Buckling Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

13.5.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

13.5.2 Buckling Utilization Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

13.5.3 Slenderness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

13.5.4 Buckling Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

13.5.5 Buckling Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

13.6 Fatigue Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

13.6.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

13.6.2 Fatigue Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

13.6.3 Fatigue Strength Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

13.7 Verification of Hull Structural Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

13.7.1 Cargo Hold Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

13.7.2 Local Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

13.7.3 Fatigue Strength Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

13.7.4 Global Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

13.8 Generation of Hull Structural Plans and Hull

Structural Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

13.9 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

14 Outfitting Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

14.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

14.2 Hull Outfitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

14.2.1 Anchoring Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

14.2.2 Mooring Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

14.2.3 Cargo Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

14.2.4 Life-Saving and Firefighting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . 270

14.2.5 Pilot Transfer Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

14.2.6 Equipment Numeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

14.3 Machinery Outfitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

14.3.1 Equipment in Engine Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

14.3.2 Piping Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Contents xiii

14.4 Accommodation Outfitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

14.4.1 Accommodation Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

14.4.2 Deck House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

14.4.3 Funnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

14.4.4 Visibility Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

14.5 Electric Outfitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

14.5.1 Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

14.5.2 Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

14.5.3 Navigation and Communication System . . . . . . . . . . 293

14.5.4 Lighting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

14.5.5 Fire Detection and Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

14.6 Generation of P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram)

and WD (Wiring Diagram) Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

14.7 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

15 Economic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

15.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

15.2 Estimation of Shipbuilding Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

15.2.1 Material Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

15.2.2 Labor Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

15.2.3 Overhead Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

15.2.4 Shipbuilding Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

15.3 Estimation of Operating Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

15.3.1 Voyage Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

15.3.2 Time Constant Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

15.3.3 Operating Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

15.4 Estimation of RFR (Required Freight Rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

15.5 Estimation of OPF (Operational Profit Factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

15.6 Computational Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

15.6.1 Estimation of Shipbuilding Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

15.6.2 Estimation of Operating Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

15.6.3 Estimation of RFR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

15.6.4 Estimation of OPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

16 Example of Determination of Principal Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

16.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

16.2 Ship Owner’s Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

16.3 Determination of Principal Dimensions of Ship . . . . . . . . . . . 311

16.3.1 Weight Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

16.3.2 Volume Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

16.3.3 Required Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

16.4 Prediction of Resistance and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

16.4.1 Prediction of Resistance by Holtrop and Mennen’sMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

16.4.2 Prediction of Propulsion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

16.4.3 Prediction of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

xiv Contents

16.5 Selection of Main Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

16.5.1 Selection of Main Engine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

16.5.2 Estimation of Engine Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

16.5.3 Estimation of DFOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

16.6 Determination of Principal Dimensions of Propeller . . . . . . . . 338

16.6.1 Problem Definition for Stage 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

16.6.2 Use of Torque Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

16.6.3 Check for Thrust Force Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

16.6.4 Check for Non-cavitation Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

16.6.5 Principal Dimensions of Propeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

16.7 Calculation of Equipment Numeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

16.8 Check for Non-visibility Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

16.9 Summary of Principal Dimensions of Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

17 Examples of Ship Design Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

17.1 Generals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

17.2 Examples of Hull Form Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

17.3 Example of Compartment Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

17.4 Example of Hull Structural Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Contents xv